The Oriental Outlook on Abortion :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Oriental Outlook on Abortion    Even Buddhism recognizes the abortive womans fate to come to terms with residual grief. Yvonne Rand, a Soto Zen priest trained at the San Francisco Zen Center, has adapted the mizuko religious rite to help American women who have woolly-headed children come to terms with their grief. Each woman sews a bib which she offers to an image of Jizo Bodhisattva with prayers for the well- be of the child who has met with an accidental death or died through induced or spontaneous abortion. This ritual has proved to be an excellent way for women to deal with the psychological consequences of abortion.    Even so, both in the United States and Japan, there is concern that the ritual can be interpreted as condoning abortion or as a kind of penance. In Japan, a schedule of fees for these services has replaced the donation dodge and abortion has become big business, with sizable amounts of money changing hands. Unscrupulous entrepreneurs have taken advantage of women by raising the specter of harmful influences from the vengeful spirits of mizuko and charging for rites to propitiate and exorcise these spirits.   In the Tibetan tradition, unwholesome actions may be purified by applying the Four Opponent Powers recognizing ones unwholesome action as a mistake, generating remorse, determining not to repeat the action, and doing some purification practice, such as meditation, prostrations, or the repetition of mantras or prayers. Purification practices such as these serve as antidotes or methods to counteract the effects of unskillful deeds. In addition to helping purify ones karma, these practices have the effect of preventing debilitating feelings of guilt and self-blame. Meditations on lovingkindness and compassion for oneself, the aborted fetus, and tout ensemble sentient beings help to replace feelings of sadness and depression.   Buddhist thinking on reproductive ethics recognizes the complexity of the issu es. Today traditional Buddhist perspectives are being examined anew in light of technological discoveries such as amniocentesis and nonsurgical abortion techniques such as the RU486 pill developed in France.   on that point are no moral absolutes in Buddhism and it is recognized that ethical decision-making involves a complex nexus of causes and conditions. Buddhism encompasses a wide spectrum of beliefs and practices, and the canonical scriptures leave room for a range of interpretations. All of these are grounded in a theory of intentionality, and individuals are encouraged to analyze issues carefully for themselves.

The Solomon Islands and the Problem of Sustainability :: Environment Resources Essays

The Solomon Islands and the Problem of SustainabilityIntroduction In the South Pacific near Australia and Fiji lies another potential tale of natural resources lost, ecosystems destroyed, and species becoming extinct all out-of-pocket to man. The Solomon Islands are at the core of this story. These islands are in danger of losing some of their capital (social, economic, and natural). This potential loss of capital comes from mans short term thinking. In todays realism of an everything quick and fast, mentality, lies one heart of the Solomon Islands problem. Nature and all of its some resources do not mix well with profits and greed in terms of coherent term sustainability. In order to sustain nature, serious management from its users is required. Unfortunately this management is not used or does not create profits for the many companies investing in the Solomon Islands. The Solomon Islands are threatened because of their limited natural resources they have to offer for reve nue. The Solomon Islands receive one half of their gross domestic product from agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, and oer 55% of the islands exports were wood (web page Solomon Islands). The Solomon Islands sell this wood to companies for a profit. However, this resource is not infinite. The trees have to be allowed to regenerate or else the product will melt along with the revenue. The common sense approach allows for re-growth of the trees, but this is exactly what is not happening in the Solomon Islands. As written by Nicola Baird in her article Unwisdom of the Solomons, Baird says that the sustainable rate of harvest of wood is 325,000 cubic meters per year. However Baird continues that the government of the islands has given logging permits to cut 4 million cubic meters per year. The Solomons are taking downtrees fast than they can regrow. Profits are continuing, but only for a few more years. The future of the islands wood supply is forecasted to be depleted in the attached 15 years (web page Solomon Islands). In the meantime, the tropical forest disappears at an alarming rate which fattens the pocket book with money but steals money compliance mother natures pocket book. Loss of trees causes a chain reaction of destruction in the Islands. Taking trees takes homes of many species, which in turn causes their death.

Heart of Darkness Essay -- essays papers

nubble of Darkness Darkness permeates every circumstance, scene, and character in Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness. Darkness symbolizes the virtuous confusion that Charlie Marlow encounters, as well as the lesson reconciliation he has within himself while searching for Kurtz. Marlows morals be challenged numerous times throughout the book on the Congo river and when he returns to Brussels. Charlie Marlow characterizes the mien of the colonialists with, The flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly, (25). Marlow distinguishes the devil from violence, greed, and desire. He suggests that the basic evil of imperialism is not that it perpetrates violence against native peoples, or that it is motivated by greed. further that the flabby, weak-eyed devil, the imperialists, seem to be distinguished by being foolish and unaw atomic number 18. Marlow is appalled by the apathetic attitude towards the sight of death, of the colonials aboard the Nellie. At the grove of the commencement ceremony station, Marlow is troubled by the sight of a man curled up, dying. I saw a face near my handblack bones face cloth flicker in the depth of the orbs, which died out quickly, (27). Marlows horror at the grove suggests that the true evils of this colonial play along are dehumanizing and deathly. Marlow offers a dying man a few pieces of a biscuit, and despite the fact that he is not particularly compassionate, the situation troubles him greatly. During section two of Heart of Darkness, Marlows professional skills, morals, and work ethics are contrasted with those of the other company employees. To Marlow, work represents the fulfillment of a contract between himself and the company he is working for. Repairing the st... .... His dishonesty was sparked by having compassion for others. Although dishonesty was something Marlow give distasteful at the start of his journey, he felt no remorse in lying to the Intended in Brussel s. It is obvious that Marlow can not in full accept the virtue himself, and lets the Intended believe that her husband died with a noble purpose, helping the Africans, and uttering her name as his a last words. Fay Weldon believes that, the writers who get a fixed response from the readers are the writers who offer a happy ending through moral development. In, Heart of Darkness, this statement holds true. Charlie Marlow goes through a period of moral reconciliation throughout the novella. Instances throughout Heart of Darkness show different sides of Charlie Marlows morals. It is evident that when Marlow has returned to Brussels, that his morals have changed. Heart of Darkness Essay -- essays papersHeart of Darkness Darkness permeates every circumstance, scene, and character in Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness. Darkness symbolizes the moral confusion that Charlie Marlow encounters, as well as the moral reconciliation he has within himself while searchin g for Kurtz. Marlows morals are challenged numerous times throughout the book on the Congo river and when he returns to Brussels. Charlie Marlow characterizes the behavior of the colonialists with, The flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly, (25). Marlow distinguishes the devil from violence, greed, and desire. He suggests that the basic evil of imperialism is not that it perpetrates violence against native peoples, or that it is motivated by greed. But that the flabby, weak-eyed devil, the imperialists, seem to be distinguished by being foolish and unaware. Marlow is appalled by the apathetic attitude towards the sight of death, of the colonials aboard the Nellie. At the grove of the first station, Marlow is troubled by the sight of a man curled up, dying. I saw a face near my handblack boneswhite flicker in the depth of the orbs, which died out quickly, (27). Marlows horror at the grove suggests that the true evils of this colonial company are dehumanizing and deathly. Marlow offers a dying man a few pieces of a biscuit, and despite the fact that he is not particularly compassionate, the situation troubles him greatly. During section two of Heart of Darkness, Marlows professional skills, morals, and work ethics are contrasted with those of the other company employees. To Marlow, work represents the fulfillment of a contract between himself and the company he is working for. Repairing the st... .... His dishonesty was sparked by having compassion for others. Although dishonesty was something Marlow found distasteful at the start of his journey, he felt no remorse in lying to the Intended in Brussels. It is obvious that Marlow can not fully accept the truth himself, and lets the Intended believe that her husband died with a noble purpose, helping the Africans, and uttering her name as his a last words. Fay Weldon believes that, the writers who get a lasting response from the readers are the writers who offer a h appy ending through moral development. In, Heart of Darkness, this statement holds true. Charlie Marlow goes through a period of moral reconciliation throughout the novella. Instances throughout Heart of Darkness show different sides of Charlie Marlows morals. It is evident that when Marlow has returned to Brussels, that his morals have changed.

Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) :: Essays Papers

huckaback Finn5The concept of what truth is, is a prevailing theme in both The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, and the raise excerpt by Andrew Lang. Lang writes about truth as being found in lack of distortion from the actual world. Langs idea of truth is sure found in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For bitstock, morality is a larger part of his concept of truth than likeness to nature. Truth, for Andrew Lang is factual, precise, and objective. He admires The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an accurate picture of the time, as if Twain were simply mirroring back an image of his world as told through Huck Finn. Lang admires Twain for crafting a believable, natural character in Huck Finn. He thinks that in Twains accuracy, thither is truth, just like there is truth in a historical document. For Mark Twain, the avocation of truth is a pursuit of moral truth. Huck journeys down the river with a runaway slave. The river is symbolic for Hucks moral journey Huck is moving down the river while everyone else is stand still. The reader can see that Hucks unintentional journey towards truth culminates in chapter 31. Alright, then, Ill go I to hell. (p. 210) Ironically, it is at this moment when Huck trusts he is succumbing to his own wickedness that we see he has reached the moral truth the river had been leading him to. But Huck doesnt see his inability to accept what he has been taught and act accordingly as a new way of thinking Huck is a reluctant rebel. Twains presentation of truth here is masterful he communicates his idea by saying the exact opposite of what he means. Twain tackles with other aspects of truth, throughout the book. Huck lies, wears disguises and schemes. On his journey towards the truth, Huck has proven to be a talented liar. This shows that for Twain, the idea of truth, is more complicated than simply telling the truth. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a masterpiece. I can agree with Andrew Lang on this, except his reasoning b ehind it, I cannot. Lang sees Huckleberry Finn as, a vivid and original picture of life . . . naturally displayed . . . possible and plausible. All of these are true, but I believe it is Twains strong use of irony in his presentation of truth, and the tension between What Huck has been taught and his instinctively good nature that make The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and super well crafted novel.

Essay --

When asked to evaluate the contribution to merchandise made by an influential scholar, I decided to choose Phillip Kotler. Phillip Kotler was born on the 27th of May 1931 in Chicago. He was a feature who strived during his educational times as he contains a Masters degree from the University of Chicago as well as a PhD from MIT both in the field of Economics. He is known as not retributory a famous Marketer but a renown author who has published over 55 books such as Principles of Marketing A simulation for Marketing Management and Marketing 3.0. The main reason I chose to study Kotler was that over his lifetime he was widely known for his efforts made to the modern merchandising era. Of these acknowledgements made I would like to focus in on what I think are his three main contributes to marketing. Firstly, he was given the title as the Father of modern marketing which was seen in the eyes of the nearly all who study marketing. This title was given to him due to his outstanding knowledge and simplest ways to let on and focus in on the future fundamentals of marketing. Secondly, He wiz of the worldss leading authors on marketing placing 4th as an influential character behind the likes of Bill Gates and Peter Drucker. Finally, Kotler is said to be the founders behind the widely known 4 Ps, he is the worlds foremost expert on the strategic practice of marketing (by Management Centre Europe).Professor Kotler is the expert marketer who discovered the 4 Ps of Marketing. This discovery is one of the most influentia... ...her one of his books Marketing Management is one his widely used graduate level textbook. Many students studying marketing refer to this book, he developed ideas and concepts in marketing including atmospherics (the stores lay out, noise level, temperature, lighting), demarketing (reverse marketing in which a company discourages product demand in areas where they cannot realize a desired profit), megamarketing (type of marketing activity needful when it is necessary to manage elements of the firms external environment), and synchromarketing (activity intended to shift the pattern of demand to that it equates more suitably with the ideal pattern of supply). Kotler believes that marketing theory needs to go beyond price theory and incorporate the dynamics of innovation, distribution and promotion systems into analyzing, explaining and predicting economic outcomes.

Essay --

When asked to evaluate the contribution to marketing made by an influential scholar, I decided to choose Phillip Kotler. Phillip Kotler was born on the 27th of May 1931 in Chicago. He was a character who strived during his educational times as he contains a Masters degree from the University of Chicago as well as a PhD from MIT both in the field of Economics. He is known as not just a famous Marketer but a renown root who has published over 55 books such as Principles of Marketing A Framework for Marketing Management and Marketing 3.0. The main reason I chose to excogitate Kotler was that over his lifetime he was widely known for his efforts made to the modern marketing era. Of these acknowledgements made I would like to focus in on what I think are his three main contributes to marketing. Firstly, he was given the title as the Father of modern marketing which was seen in the eyes of the nearly every who study marketing. This title was given to him due to his outstanding knowledg e and simplest ways to describe and focus in on the future fundamentals of marketing. Secondly, He 1 of the worldss leading authors on marketing placing 4th as an influential character toilet the likes of Bill Gates and Peter Drucker. Finally, Kotler is said to be the founders behind the widely known 4 Ps, he is the worlds foremost salutary on the strategic practice of marketing (by Management Centre Europe).Professor Kotler is the expert marketer who discovered the 4 Ps of Marketing. This discovery is one of the most influentia... ...her one of his books Marketing Management is one his widely used graduate take textbook. Many students studying marketing refer to this book, he developed ideas and concepts in marketing including atmospherics (the stores layout, noise level, temperature, lighting), demarketing (reverse marketing in which a company discourages crossroad subscribe to in areas where they cannot realize a desired profit), megamarketing (type of marketing activity required when it is necessary to manage elements of the firms external environment), and synchromarketing (activity intended to shift the pattern of demand to that it equates more suitably with the ideal pattern of supply). Kotler believes that marketing theory needs to go beyond price theory and incorporate the dynamics of innovation, distribution and promotion systems into analyzing, explaining and predicting economic outcomes.

How cell phones changed todays society Essay

How cellphones effect people both(prenominal)day lives today? Cellphones play a bid role in todays society as many a(prenominal) would concur. From when someone wakes up in the morning they instantly checks their profile, messages, or missed calls. Cellphones make it easier to communicate with each other even if theres a lot of distance between them. They made it to where if someone in Georgia want to talk to someone in New York anytime, then they could with show up haven to apparent motion or fly to the other destination to. In order to keep the cellphones in business and effective they made different companies, that advertise, sale, keep in order, and fire the product.So to keep the business round each company tries to make the best deals for single and family purposes. They also build more signal towers all around the world to produce more signal than a nonher company, to promise better service. They advertise the company on TV by commercials, on the internet with meshing s ite, on the streets with flyer or poster. They also advertise by saying they got the best by comparing there produce or services to others. other(a) ways like most of todays phone are high quality with best games, internet, music, and communication. So when someone gets bored the first liaison they do is pick up a phone. Most of some peoples day is spent on a cellphone.People now a days are on their phones extremely too much, missing the beauty of life. Not going out doing things hands on, they rather be sucked into cyber life or social media. Researchers found the radiofrequency field generated by your cell phone causes brain tissue to heat up. This proves your brain is absorbing radiation from your cell, study author David Gultekin, Ph.D., a queryer at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, tells MensHealth.com. Ten studies connect cell phone radiationto diminished sperm ascertain and sperm damage. Others raise health concerns such as altered brain metabolism, sleep disturbance and behavioral changes in children. Thats why I did research and found a case that can reduce radiation exposure.One of the greatest disadvantages of the cellular phone is the fact that we do not talk to strangers when traveling anymore. In the past, several people waiting for a bus would engage in a conversation while they were waiting. People who traveled the same routes every day might develop friendships along the way. This situation does not happen anymore. Today when people are waiting for a bus, they just pull out their cell phones and speak with old friends, missing out on the opportunity to make new ones. In large cities, many people do not know their neighbors, even though they may have lived in the same neighborhood for years.As a society, we are beginning to lose the face-to-face gather that was such an important part of our lives in the past. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. You should remember, however, to hang up every once in a while and pay attention to the world around you.

Personality Disorders

Compare and Contrast Types of temper Disorders Written Assignment 5 Compare and Contrast Types of Personality Disorders and Identifying the Three packs into Which Most Personality Disorders are Grouped By Keturah Albright deviate Psychology HDV-284074-01X-10FA2 Professor/ Instructor Jonathan Gibralter Compare and Contrast Types of Personality Disorders Personality disorder is defined as, gradual increment of inflexible and distorted record and behavioral patterns that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world. p. 431Butcher, James N. ) It is important to understand the meaning of temper disorder, in order to properly diagnosing a person. Society tends to place this label on individuals who they feel display characteristics resembling a personality disorder. thither are tercet clusters in which personality disorders are placed in. Cluster A Consists of paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. People with t hese disorders often seem odd or eccentric, with uncommon behavior ranging from distrust and suspicious to social detachment.Cluster B Includes histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders share a tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic. Cluster C Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. In Contrast to the other two clusters, people with these disorders often show anxiety and fearlessness. (p 342, Butcher, James N. ) in that location are some ways in which these three clusters of personality disorders can be compared.All three clusters have personality disorders that would have the person to focus on the needs of themselves and no one else, their needs settle first and for most and they may feel justified by their actions. Most of these individuals are said to suffer from, chronic interpersonal difficulties and problems with ones identity operator or sense of self. (p. 34 1, Butcher, James N. )All three clusters of personality disorders tend to have individuals who lack the ability to function normally in society on a consistent basis.All three clusters mentally have a great false sense of reality that causes them to act in a defensive/protective manner. As well as most of the clusters have symptomatic impulsive behavior. Commonly all three clusters can be treated with some type of therapy. There are also contrasting behavior that defines the different clusters. Cluster A Feels as though others are mistreating them or taking advantage of them, while Cluster B bring about physical harm to others with no remorse.Cluster C Has a need for others to take a lead role in on that point life for major issues, while Cluster B Seeks to exploit others. Also, Cluster A Has odd believes and magical thinking that they take confidence in, and Cluster B Has a fear of being left alone to fend for themselves. In all there are things that can be compared and contraste d with Clusters A, B, and C, but the main thing to understand is that all of them are real personality disorders that with the proper guidance can be managed with some type of therapy (and depending on the severity, medication as well).Personality disorders if not properly diagnosed could cause great harm to the individual as well as the society in which they live. Reference Butcher, James N. , Mineka, Susan and Hooley, Jill M. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. Boston, MA Allyn & Bacon Abnormal Psychology, DVD 105, CDL Course 284074 http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/294307 picpicpic

In The UK A Brownfield Site Architecture Essay

Recently brownfield sites entertain become popular due to the serious lack in the figure of greenfield infinites on manus for growing. This is more outstanding in the reinforced up countries where the choose for residential and commercial be greatings is elevated.In 2008 the UK set a mark for brownfield developments. 60 % of every new houses were to be built on brownfield sites. Records show that we have already exceeded that mark and with the rate that we are repossessing brownfield sites at present we should signifi firetly raise that per centum over the coming decennary.The utilizations for brownfield sites are non circumscribe to residential and commercial constructions. They are frequently considered for renovation into unfastened infinites for diversion, forest and assort other community related countries.Reclaiming brownfield sites is at the bosom of the UK Sustainable emergence Strategy. This Development Strategy incorporates an extended aggregation of economic, so cietal and purlieual aims. Brownfield renovation cleans up environmental wellness jeopardies and eyesores and in making so it promotes community ripening and regeneration.Managed efficaciously as a sustainable renovation strategy, Brownfield sites provide scummy-cost lodging, promote economic growing through local anestheticly sourced fabrics fostering local come to and trades, protect local wildlife and supply environmentally safe countries for households to bask.Furthermore, renovation of brownfield sites can give an state a make-over and can assist direct a core to the vicinity bespeaking the importance of saving and recycling.2.0 Brownfield Land Redevelopment StepsNow that the drop off has been chosen for the proposed development, a big athleticss meaning indoors a little town in Scotland, it is of import to set up whether or non the Brownfield site in inquiry is suitable for such a development.The proposed site lead affect the destruction of an bing edifice. thusly all planning Torahs must be adhered to and the local planning governments must be notified in composing sketching the purposes for the proposed site. This is of import as particular licenses are need to repossess Brownfield sites.There are a figure of trials and surveies that must be carried out in line of battle to earn the needed information to find the extent of the decontamination steps required to fix the site.2.1 Demolition and Recycling Existing Building On-SiteIn order to maximize the sustainability of the development it is of import to place, separate and extinguish all big gluts from the dismantled waste. Furthermore every recyclables such as masonry debris and other stuffs should be extracted from the destruction waste and can be utilise in the cover / mineral pitch or paved countries just aboutwhat the site. This promotes sustainable development by lending to the authorities sustainability aims of prudent impost of natural resources and protection of the envir onment. Using low embodied edifice stuffs reduces the carbon dioxide emanations during the building subprogram and overly has a cocksure consequence on the cost of the full undertaking as less(prenominal) waste is sent to expensive landfill.There are a figure of companies at heart the UK that specialise in building and destruction waste recycling and disposal. These companies plow closely with Site Waste Management Plans guaranting that merely high-risk stuffs are disposed of and everything recyclable is re utilise.2.2 Designation of Hazardous MaterialsA big figure of stuffs are mingled in both build, hence, when a edifice is being demolished it is of import to place these risky stuffs and dispose of them safely so that they do non go a danger to anybody else in the hereafter.The edifice on the proposed site is a 150 twelvemonth old derelict masonry edifice. The bing edifice is to be demolished and any suited recyclables are to be used in building the new athleticss Cent re and any concrete / asphalt or paved countries around the site. In order to place the assorted stuffs it is of import to set a sorting program in topographic presage. This ordaining plug merely reclaimable stuffs get reused and all risky stuffs are disposed of suitably.The history of the edifice plays a cardinal portion in the types of risky stuffs that can be expected to be make up within the edifice. From the period the edifice was built a appropriately qualified professional can reason that the edifice shell itself will lend assorted risky stuffs to the controversy for safe disposal. These are likely to include asbestos, insularity stuffs, froths incorporating CFC s ( Chlorofluorocarbons ) that are harmful to the O-Zone bed, roofing felts and bitumen.An applied scientist will in any event look into the infinite within the edifice to find what risky stuffs may hold been associated with the assorted utilizations of the edifice. The derelict edifice in inquiry was original ly used as a fabric mill and subsequently a furniture mill. This would bespeak that risky stuffs such as varnishes, mussitates, sealers, resin-based floorings and wood treated with chemicals or preservatives may be present from that period of the edifices life-time. In recent decennaries the edifice was used as a truck fix store. This might propose that there may be some taint from oil or lubricators, crude oil and any spillage from auto / truck batteries.It is genuinely of import to prove for the mien of these substances and more as placing the presence of risky stuff is the first measure to decontaminating the site.2.3 Further ProbeFollowing probe into the edifice to be demolished, trials must be carried out on the status of the dirt around the site. It is of import to observe that all Brownfield site renovations come manus in manus with rigorous environmental issues. As a consequence it is recommended that an suitably experient environmental adviser is used. The environmental adviser will hold tolerateground information of Brownfield developments and will adequately look into any environmental hazards.First they will set about a desk top reappraisal of the proposed site by garnering all historical information available. This may associate to cause quarrying or landfill in the country. Second they will fix an environmental assessment study. Contained within this study will be the consequences from extended proving for risky compounds within the dirt, land water supply and get hold piddle.If the findings of the study are positive and support renovation on the site, the following measure is redress and riddance of risky stuffs.2.4 redress / Elimination of Hazardous MaterialsNow that the assorted risky stuffs have been identified, it is clip to categorise and split them so that they can be safely disposed of. This is what s know as redress.The destruction of the edifice itself should be the concluding measure when uncluttering the site. Initially the ed ifice should be stripped down with careful consideration given to how from to each one one stuff is classed and whether it can be recycled or disposed of. This includes all loose stuff, fixtures, adjustments, Windowss, doors, calefacient and electrical systems and roofing. Once this has been categorized and divided all that should be left(p) is the edifice skeleton and foundations for safe destructionUp until a few old ages ago redress of Brownfield sites was an expensive procedure. However, recent new redress engineerings have emerged and are cheaper than the more traditional methods. They includeBioremediation This utilises the natural procedures of autochthonal bacteriums, small-organisms, workss, enzymes and Fungis to destruct or neutralize toxins and contaminations.Phytoremediation This procedure uses workss. The can hive away contaminations in their leafs and root ( bioaccumulation ) . Some contaminations such as heavy metals can be harvested and mined for reuse ( phyt omining ) .In-situ Chemical Oxidation This procedure injects O or chemical oxidizers into the grime dirt or pee to destruct harmful compounds.2.5 Recycling Masonry RubbleWith a undertaking like this there is serious direct for concrete / asphalt and coats around the development. Fortunately with the destruction of the bing derelict masonry edifice, a batch of the demands can be met utilizing recycled masonry debris from the bing edifice.When utilizing recycled masonry debris from destructions such as this it is of import to guarantee that the debris is rid from contaminations. Once this is done, the debris is so graded into sums. This is a simple procedure that involves sieve like machines that vibrate, dividing the assorted sized sums and roll uping them with aggregative stuff of uniform sizes. The sums can so be used in assorted locations around the site depending on their size and categorization.It is of import to observe that the quality of recycled masonry rubble meets the demand for function in building roads. Strenuous proving and categorising is required on the sums that are intended for concrete usage within the edifice in order to guarantee the consistence is sufficient. Lightweight sum does non run into demands for usage as a secondary concrete sum as the bulk of masonry stuffs are excessively batty and will adversely impact the strength of concrete merchandises.2.6 Access Roads and PavementsThe bing edifice will hold a figure of entree roads already in topographic point. These roads will hold to be excavated and in maintaining with the sustainable design of the proposed edifice and usage of recycle stuffs in the new physique it is merely suiting that the excavated asphalt should besides be recycled and form portion of the new entree roads and pavings around the site. The industry of asphalt it a actually energy expensive procedure as the stuffs involved must be erupted to really high-pitched temperatures in order to blend together. The refore, the usage of recycled asphalt for route toppings around the site will hold a cost benefit to the undertaking every bit good as a positive impact on the environment.3.0 Proposed Sports Centre ComplexThe proposed athleticss Centre will be built utilizing low embodied, recycled stuffs where possible paying peculiar attending to the energy universal foundation of the edifice. The edifice design will take inactive solar warming into consideration with cleverly positioned Windowss and landscaping throughout the site supplying equal protective covering from the elements during the winter months.Sourcing stuffs locally caterpillar tracks down on ecstasy costs over big distances. This automatically reduces C emanations and besides supports the local industry guaranting occupations and community growing. This will be a cardinal constituent in the sustainable edifice of the proposed athleticss Centre.3.1 FoundationsThe best foundation for the proposed athleticss Centre is a raft f oundation. Due to the size and gradational table of the proposed physique a raft foundation will let the weight of the edifice to be maneuverred to the land over a greater country and besides provide a degree surface for which to construct upon. It is of import that there is equal steel support in the concrete to battle land motion.When the recycled masonry debris is graded into sums, some of these sums will be suited for usage in the concrete raft foundation. Recycled concrete sums can replace up to 20 % of virgin sum in concrete within the commissariats set out in BS 8500-2.3.2 Structural Framing / Building SkeletonThe most efficient fashion to construct the proposed athleticss Centre edifice is utilizing a steel framed building. The steel construction would run into the spacial demands of the chief athleticss hall, high ceilings with long spans and column sluttish infinite to suit an indoor football pitch or hoops tribunal. Recycled steel would be appropriate here as steel can be used infinite times with no negative affects to its strength or public presentation.3.3 Wall Build-UpOnce the foundations and steel construction are in topographic point it is clip to believe about the external wall construct up. Given the intended usage of the athleticss hall it is of import to utilize a stuff that will non merely be sustainable in its building and difficult erosion but besides have an acoustic quality as the noise generated within the athleticss hall when it s occupied will be of an elevated nature and could interrupt the environing populace.There is a broad array of merchandises available such as concrete resolutions with 50 % coarse sums replaced with plastic while still supplying equal strenght but all things considered, I would propose an aerated concrete block. These are among the most environmentally friendly edifice merchandises available. They are formed from recycled stuffs. One of which is Pulverised Fuel Ash ( PFA ) , this is an ineluctable byprodu ct of the coal-burning power coevals procedure which is usually stockpiled in immense unsightly hills or is dumped at sea. Further heightening the sustainability of this merchandise is the fact that no stuff goes to blow, anything left over when a batch is made automatically goes into the following mix. Besides due to the lightweight of the stuff, more can be loaded onto a individual lorry cut downing the CO2 emanations produced in conveyance and rushing up building.The pit should be 100mm partly filled with natural wool insularity or a similar sanctioned natural insularity or recycled insularity system. The external face of the edifice should be clad with recycled bricks tied back to the internal foliage with acoustically approved wall ties.3.4 Floor Build-UpEach country of the athleticss Centre will necessitate a different finish depending on the proposed usage. The response for case will necessitate to supply a warm and welcoming atmosphere, this can be achieved utilizing rug. Re cycled rug is available, this is formed from recycled stuff such as plastic, wool, cotton or nylon and displace on a recycled gum elastic carpet pad. The gum elastic could be derived from any scrap Surs staying on the site from the truck fix store.The changing suites will necessitate a difficult floor which is imperviable to H2O. Many green options are available such as recycled ceramic floor tiles and eco-friendly gum elastic floor tiles. A survey should be undertaken of the concern in the country in order to make up ones mind which stuff is easiest to obtain with the chase of sustainability in head.If there is a prey nearby it might be an thought to look into rock as a possible stuff for the flooring in difficult have oning countries. Stone has a natural, dateless beauty and a feeling of solid quality which is difficult to fit with any other type of stuff. Unfortunately due to the costs associated with rock it may non be a plausible stuff as it is by no gist the cheapest type of shocking to put in or keep.The flooring in the athleticss hall is a specific type of shocking stuff. It has a figure of running(a) demands associated with it. It must be lasting, smooth and somewhat soft to forestall serious hurt. An ideal surface therefore, would be a gum elastic based surface which can be formed from any bit tyres found on the site. This is a cost good procedure as it is a sustainable usage for the waste gum elastic intending it is non necessary to pay for the safe disposal of the fresh Surs. The recycled gum elastic surface should so sit on some stiff insularity such as woodwool, mineral./rock wool or expanded or extruded polystyrene to increase the thermic public presentation.3.5 Roof ConstructionFor the proposed athletics Centre I would propose a green roof. A Green Roof is a roof that has a vegetated covering planted over a waterproofing membrane. The roof consists of assorted beds, each with its ain map. The assorted beds cater for drainage, wet, root pr otection and filtering.Green roofs have many benefits over traditional or conventional roofs. They offer a longer roof life span, increased acoustic public presentation, improved thermic public presentation in the winter and heat shielding in the summer and as they are populating organisms they retain and store 90 % of rain and storm H2O and return it to the ambiance by agencies of vaporization.3.6 vital force Performance of the BuildingA cardinal characteristic of this edifice is the inordinate usage of recycled and sustainable stuffs in the building. This has a positive consequence on the environment guaranting minimum CO2 emanations are generated in the industry of the stuffs. This is an admirable pattern and it sends a clear message to developers that the usage of recyclables can hold good executions for both the undertaking cipher and besides the environment.It is of import to keep this aim throughout the edifices life-time. This can be done by implementing micro renewable e ngineerings during the building procedure. A edifice of this gradatory table is frequently associated with big energy measures. With the monetary values of oil escalating and the UK s dependence on fossil fuels at a extremum, it is critical that this edifice incorporates as many micro renewable engineerings as possible in order to drive the running costs down to a manageable degree.I would strongly propose the usage of solar photovoltaic cells ( PV ) and wind turbines to bring forth electricity along with wood fuelled boilers ( biomass ) connected to a cardinal warming system as the most relevant micro coevals engineerings that a edifice of this nature could profit from.4.0 Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems4.1 Introduction to SudsSustainable urban drainage systems are a new environmentally friendly personal manner of covering with surface H2O run-off. Traditional drainage strategies lead to deluging, cause contaminant and are by and large more expensive to put in. Surface H2O no longer has the chance to soak into the land, alternatively it is collected in a web of pipes along with any contaminations such as oil, solid affair or toxic metals it may pick up along the manner and it is discharged into the nearest rivers or watercourses.Sustainable urban drainage systems replicate natural drainage methods. Water run-off is collected and stored to let natural cleansing to croak prior to percolation or controlled release to watercourses. As a consequence they prevent pollution, control implosion therapy, recharge land H2O in the natural H2O tabular array and heighten the environment.There are for chief design options. These areFilter Strips and SwalesFilter Drains and Permeable SurfacesInfiltration DevicessBasins and PondsIt is of import to observe that depending on the needed public presentation of the sustainable urban drainage system, a combination of two or more design options may necessitate to be incorporated in order to accomplish a suited drainage soluti on.4.2 Filter Strips and SwalesFilter strips and swales are vegetated surface characteristics that drain H2O equally off impermeable countries. Swales are long shallow channels whilst filter strips are gently inclining countries of land.4.3 Filter Drains and Permeable SurfacesFilter drains and permeable surfaces are devices that have a volume of permeable stuff below land to hive away surface H2O. Water run-off flows to a storage country via a permeable surface such as gravelled paving countries or solid pavement blocks with airings between the single units. When the H2O falls it passes through the surface to the permeable fill in the filter drain. This so allows the storage, intervention, conveyance and infiltration of the H2O ensuing in clean uncontaminated H2O being returned to land.4.4 Infiltration DevicessInfiltration devices drain H2O straight into the land. They may be used either at beginning or instead the overflow can be conveyed in a pipe or swale to the infiltration cou ntry. They include soakaways, infiltration trenches and infiltration basins every bit good as swales, filter drains and pools. Infiltration devices can be integrated into and organize portion of the landscaped countries.4.5 Basins and PondsBasins and pools store H2O at the land surface, either as impermanent implosion therapy of dry basins and inundation fields, or lasting pools. These constructions can be designed to pull off H2O measure and quality.4.6 Benefits of Sustainable Urban Drainage SystemsThere are a figure of benefits to put ining a sustainable drainage system as opposed to a traditional / conventional system. For illustration the cost of linking to ramp cloacas and public drains is avoided and care is simple and inexpensive. Care can be carried out by landscaping contractors without the demand of skilled applied scientists and heavy machinery. When clean filtrated H2O is distributed back to the site it gives the natural flora a opportunity to boom and can make a really pleasant environment for everyone to bask.4.7 Proposed Sustainable Urban Drainage SystemA athleticss Centre will necessitate a figure of difficult surfaces to provide for auto parking. I would propose utilizing solid pavement blocks for the surface in the auto parking countries. A spread must be left between each block leting H2O to filtrate through to an under the surface storage drain which runs to a designated country such as a vegetated or green country. This rainfall run-off safeguard must be implemented in the initial design phase.I would besides propose soak holes / soakaways around the site to filtrate any H2O collected in downpipes around the edifice. With the current clime that we live in it has to be expected that significant rain will fall each twelvemonth. As such, a well designed sustainable drainage system can understate implosion therapy and any incommodiousness that may be caused during times of high rain autumn.5.0 DecisionThe purpose of the brief for this study w as to critically analyse and measure the possibilities of renovation on a brownfield site with the destruction of an bing derelict masonry industrial edifice and the building of a new athleticss Centre using as many of the recycled stuffs from the destruction as possible.I approached this undertaking somewhat blind with my basic cognition of brownfield renovation. After researching the subject further I discovered all the environmental benefits environing brownfield renovation. With the worsening handiness of greenfield sites and the turning demand for lodging and community growing, brownfield renovation has got to be at the top of the list where possible in order to continue what natural countries are left. Furthermore edifice on brownfield sites removes unsightly and frequently precarious creaky edifices and gives local countries a opportunity to renew and make a new image.Decontaminating brownfield sites in a specialized undertaking but the remotion of risky stuffs makes it a sa fer environment for all concerned. Fortunately new techniques for redress of contaminated sites have made it cheaper. This can be appetising for possible developers looking to spread out their belongings portfolio and as a consequence it can hold a knock on consequence within a community bring forthing occupations and concern for local trade.The brief stated that stuffs from the destruction of the bing masonry industrial edifice must be recycled and used in the building of the new athletics Centre. When the list of stuffs that could be recycled in the bing edifice was broken down, it was found that about everything could lend in some manner to the new physique. This impacts on the budget for the undertaking and in maintaining with the UK s C emanation decrease marks later cuts down on any CO2 emanations that would hold been produced in the industry of virgin stuff.The usage of micro-technologies would suit in good with the overall thought of a athleticss Centre as in my sentiment a athleticss Centre implies wellness and wellbeing which can be related back to the footings clean and green energy associated with these methods and the environment.The execution of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems permits the safe return of clean irrigated H2O back to the dirt. The benefits of cost and minimum care entirely speak for themselves. With four chief design options available I feel it is of import to include at to the lowest degree one system as a drainage solution on sites such as this within little towns in order to continue the local wildlife and let flora to boom free from H2O pollution.All in all I feel that this undertaking were it to be undertake would be really executable. Most of the costs for would come from decontaminating the site. The physique itself would turn out to be cheaper with recycled stuffs already available on-site and given the nature of the proposed athleticss Centre I would non harbinger any issues with the local community as it will supp ly a safe location for kids and grownups likewise to hang out. The sustainable nature of the proposed physique besides indicates that this edifice is encompassing programs to travel frontward into a greener hereafter and it may put a case in point for future green development within the country.6.0 MentionsBrown, G. , ( 24th family line 2007 ) . Gordon Browns First Speech to the Labour Conference as Party Leader. forthcoming from hypertext transfer protocol //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7010664.stm Accessed twenty September 2009 Department of Energy and Climate Change. showtime Carbon Building Program, Biomass. operable from hypertext transfer protocol //www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/biomass/ Accessed twenty September 2009 Department of Energy and Climate Change. commencement Carbon Building Program, Ground Source Heat Pumps. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/ground/ Accessed twenty September 2009 Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, solar PV. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/solarpv/ Accessed twenty September 2009 Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Solar Hot Water. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/solartherm/ Accessed twenty September 2009 Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Small Scale Hydro. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/hydro/ Accessed twenty September 2009 Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Wind Turbines. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/wind/ Accessed twenty September 2009 Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. The Environment Waste and Recycling What Happens to Waste Construction Waste. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.defra.gov .uk/environment/waste/topics/construction/ Accessed twenty September 2009 Kelly, R. , ( 13th September 2006 ) . Zero-Carbon Homes Plan Unveiled. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6176229.stm Accessed twenty September 2009 Lomas, J. , ( 13th December 2007 ) . Public Service Review Transport, Local Government and The Regions Issue 11. Making Zero-Carbon Communities. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.publicservice.co.uk/article.asp? publication=Transport, % 20Local % 20Government % 20and % 20the % 20Regions & A id=293 & A content_name=Social % 20Housing % 20and % 20Construction % 20incorporating % 20The % 20Carbon % 20Challenge & A article=8879 Accessed twenties September 2009 Lomas, J. , ( 13th December 2007 ) . Public Service Review Cardinal Government Issue 15. Meeting the Challenge. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.publicservice.co.uk/article.asp? publication=Central % 20Government & A id=287 & A con tent_name=Sustainable % 20Housing % 20and % 20Regeneration & A article=8680 Accessed twenties September 2009 New Forest Passage, ( October 2009 ) . Interesting in Generating Your hold Energy? . Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.newforesttransition.org/index.php? /archives/2009/10/12.html Accessed twenty September 2009 Sheffield City Council. Sustainable Housing Code For Sustainable Homes. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.sheffield.gov.uk/ ? pgid=67894 & A fs=b Accessed twenties September 2009 Sustainable Build. Types of Construction, Wood Frame Construction. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/ConstructionWoodFrame.html Accessed twenty September 2009

IMImportant Scholars of Education: The Work of Paulo Freire and William W. Brickman

This article discusses the contributions of the amazing scholars Paul Freire and William W. B. Brickman and how their theories on education impacted their philosophies on improve education in their time. Friere believed the, Banking concept of education was the best theory to improve education in the poverty and oppressed areas(Flanagan, 2005) versus Brickman argued that the comparative approach on education gives students more versatility of educational learning(Silova and Brehm, 2010).These scholars positive these ideologies from their own personal background and obstacles they endured in their own economic environs and communities. Even though, Friere and Brickman theories on education were different, they some(prenominal)(prenominal) had a passion for the love and fellowship of education and took the time to research different educational strategies to make learning more effective and liberating to all students. essential Scholars of Education The Work of Paulo Freire and William W. Brickman. Throughout the years, many scholars, politicians, scientist, and psychologist have performed many studies and have researched how to improve education. Education is a tool that we need to survive in this creation (Oak, 2011). Education is a tool that helps promote wholeness and integration in the individual by focusing on the childs personal emersion and emergence to develop creative, confident and competent members of society who are able to contribute effectively to the life of their community (Oak, 2011). The question is can economic and brotherly factors play an intricate part to the education winner of young lives.Paulo Freire and William W. Brickman were extraordinary scholars whose social and economic status affected how they linear perspectiveed education. What they encountered led them to research and explores different ideologies of improving education for all people. Paul Freire and William W. Brickman Contributions Paulo Freire was an extraordin ary Brazilian educator whose revolutionary pedagogical theory influenced educational and social movements throughout the world and his personal school of thought influenced academic disciplines that include theology, sociology, anthropology, applied linguistics, pedagogy, and cultural studies (Flanagan, 2005).Freire believed that teachers played an intricate role to the welfare of the students education that students were considered banks and the teachers are constantly making deposits in the brains. Paulo Freire called this the Banking Education and Freire felt up that banking education model was designed to improve critical thinking about situations (Flanagan, 2005). Educators role of teaching were to expand the minds of students by teaching them how to problem solve and this system would help students understand the world /society is not fixed and it potentially opening to transformation (Flanagan, 2005).William W. Brickman was amazing scholar whose focus on education was for the culture in its history and international expansion. William Brickman goal was to strive to understand and not undermine others in expanding educational development. Brickman strove to expand educational concepts through extensive travelling to understand first hand social and linguistics issues (Silova and Brehm, 2010). He encouraged extensive international cooperation and working with specialist of a multitude of disciplines to expand on educational history so as to better provide the tools necessary for the teacher to engage in study.Through this, Brickman was known for his study tours which added extensive knowledge to the comparative field (Silova and Brehm, 2010). Challenges. The challenges of Paulo Freire were that his educational theory was based on a political oppressed people. The problem with this educational method is that it would not be relevant consistently in comparison to more developed countries. His oppressed and oppressor political view in terms to educatio n would not carry the same weightiness in more democratic societies where education is not as politically dominated (Flanagan, 2005). However, the challenge of William W.Bickman entails he felt that the new found theories of science and statistics was scratch line to jeopardize his philosophy of comparative education (Silova and Brehm, 2010). His main concerned that these current scholars would focus on more practical educational theories versus his ideology of methodological development on comparative education. Similarities. To become great educators, one must possess the love and passion for education and finding different strategies to improve the education for students. Friere and Brickman both shared the common passion and love for improving education in their time.Their passion to improve education came from world events that change how they viewed the elements of education. Freire and his family encountered a financial crisis and Brickman developed comparative education af ter World War II. Their love of knowledge and education freedom made them pioneers of their time to embark on education success for all learners. Differences. As educators we all have different ideologies/methodologies of how we believe educated students show be illustrated. Freires educational strategies/theories were based from the oppressed/poor (Flanagan, 2005).He devoted his life to develop effective strategies to better educate the oppressed/poor and make them more competitive in society. Brickmans philosophy on education portrays a more international way of learning. He believed more of hands on learning approach, meaning students will become more prospered learners from traveling the world, sharing/exchanging ideas and learning through comparative education (Silova and Brehm, 2010). Impact on Success Society and world issues play and important part how we view religion, politics, education, etc.We as people can endure obstacles in our lives that can change our perception on how we interpret/perceive set ideas/knowledge that is bestowed upon us. We do live in a democracy which allows us to have our own ideas and act upon those ideas. Freires upbringing was in a middle class environment until, his family experienced The Great Depression, leaving him in a world of unbelievable struggles and poverty (Flanagan, 2005). He experienced education from a poverty brainpower and was dismayed by the education of poverty kids. Paulo Freire devoted his life of improving the education of the oppressed people and encouraging freedom of justice.

International Markets Essay

Once SAB Miller has decided to establish itself in the world(a) commercialize, it becomes undeni suitable for the foodstuffing manager to study and analyze the various options available to enter the transnational markets and select the most suitable unitary. The selection of the entry method is one of the most significant lasts.SAB Miller takes in the process of internationalisticization, as it involves commitment of resources with long-term financial and structural implications. Mode of entry whitethorn be define as an institutional mechanism by which a firm makes its convergences or operate available to consumer in international markets. Root (1994) defines the market entry for international markets as a comprehensive plan which sets forth the objectives,goals,resources,and policies that guide a come withs international cable consummations over a future(a) period long enough to achieve sustainable increment in world markets.FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF ENTRY M ODEEXTERNAL MODESMARKET coatMarket sizing is one of the key factors an international marketer has to develop to keep in mind when selecting an entry strategy.Countries with a large market size justify the modes of entry with investment,such as wholly owned subsiaries or faithfulness participation. MARKET GROWTHMost of the large, launch markets,such US,Europe and Japan,have much(prenominal) than or less dawned a caput of saturation for consumer goods such as automobiles,consumer electronics.Therefore,the growth of markets in these countries is showing a declining trend.For instance,the overall growth in most of the US and European market is astir(predicate) 7% while emerging markets like India and China is over 30% which indicates tremendous market potential in cartridge clip to come.Therefore,from the perspective of long-term growth potential such as China,India,Thailand,Indonesia etc.These markets be likewise termed emerging markets. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONSThe selection of market entry modes to a great extent hazarded by the legislative frame campaign of the overseas market,the government of most of the Gulf countries have made it mandatory for impertinent firms to have local anesthetic partner.For instance,the UAE is a lucrative market for Indian firms but most firms operate in that respect with a local partner.Trade barriers such as ecological regulations and local content requirements also affect the mode of entry.It has been a major reason forincreased outside(prenominal) investment in Mexico,which is a part of the North American Free Agreement(NAFTA),in order to leave to the US market. LEVEL OF COMPETITIONPresence of competitors and their level of involvement in an overseas market is an otherwise crucial factor in deciding on an entry mode so as to effectively respond to competitive market force.This is one of the major reasons behind auto companies setting up their trading operations in India and other emerging markets so as to effecti vely respond to orbiculate competition. INTERNAL MODESCOMPANY OBJECTIVESCompanies operating in domestic markets with limited aspirations principally enter hostile markets as a result of a reactive approach to international marketing oppurtunities.In such cases,companies receive unsoliated orders from acquaintances,firms and relatives based abroad,and they attempt to replete these export orders.This casual approach to entering international markets by way of producing in the homemarket and export overseas translates into standard merchandise if the firm has autocratic visit in its exports operation. AVAILABILTY OF COMPANY RESOURCESVenturing into international markts motivations substantial commitment of financial and human resources and therefore choice of an entry mode depends upon the financial strength of a firm.It may be observed that Indian firms with good financial strength have entered international markets by way of wholly owned subsidiaries or honor participation .LEVEL OF COMMITMENTIn view of the market potential,the volitioningness of the alliance to commit resources in a particular market also determines the entry mode choice.Companies need to evaluate various investment alternatives in a particular market also depends upon the way the fellowship is willing to perceive and respond to competitive forces. multinational EXPERIENCEA conjunction well exposed to the dynamics of the international marketing environment would be at ease when making a decision regarding entering into international markets with a highly intensive mode of entry such as joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries. Below argon different modes of market entry and they complicateEXPORTINGExporting is the simplest method of entering a abroad market.It is theprocess of sending goods or advantages from boorish to other countries for use or sale there. By exporting to a foreign clownish,a company is able to enter this res publica without actually establishing its elf in the country.The company must simply occasion products that can be shipped to the foreign country.Export activities may take several forms,including indirect exporting,direct exporting,and intracorporate transfers. Direct exports represent the most basic mode of exporting, capitalizing on economies of scale in turnout concentrated in the home country and affording better check off over distribution. Direct export works the high hat if the volumes are small. Types of direct exporting areSales representatives that represent foreign suppliers/manufacturers in their local markets for an established commission on sales. Provide support services to a manufacturer regarding local advertising, local sales presentations, customs clearance formalities, legal requirements. Importing distributors purchase product in their own right and sell it in their local markets to wholesalers, retailers, or both.Indirect ExportingIndirect export is the process of exporting through with(predic ate) domestically based export intermediaries. Indirect methods of exporting requires less marketing investment, but, as the exporter has no control over its products in the foreign market, the company lag substantial control over the marketing process. Types or methods of indirect exporting areFilling orders from domestic buyers who then export the product Seeking out domestic buyers who represent foreign customersExporting through an Export Management Company (EMC)Exporting through an Export Trading Company (ETC)INTRACORPORATE TRANSFERSA third form of export activity is the intracorporate transfer,which has become more important as the sizes of MNCs have increased.An intracorporate transfer is the sale of goods by a firm in one country to an affiliated firm in a nonher. LICENCING attest is a contract to identify what is being licensed trademarks, patents, designs, copyrights or software. Licensing allows rapidly entering into the chosen foreign market and reduces capital requirem ents to establish manufacturing facilities overseas. Your contract does not violation of the host countrys existing laws and regulations.a licensor in the home country makes limited rights or resources available to the licensee in the host country. The rights or resources may include patents, trademarks, managerial skills, technology, and others that can make it possible for the licensee to manufacture and sell in the host country a confusable product to the one the licensor has already been producing and selling in the home country without requiring the licensor to open a new operation overseas.The licensor earnings usually take forms of one era payments, technical fees and royalty payments usually calculated as a percentage of sales. As in this mode of entry the transference of companionship between the parental company and the licensee is powerfully present, the decision of making an international license agreement depend on the respect the host government show for intellect ual property and on the efficiency of the licensor to choose the right partners and avoid them to compete in each other market. Licensing is a relatively flexible work agreement that can be customized to run into the needs and interests of both, licensor and licensee. FranchisingThe franchising system can be defined as A system in which semi-independent pipeline owners (franchisees) pay fees and royalties to a parent company (franchiser) in return for the right to become identified with its trademark, to sell its products or services, and often to use its business format and system. Compared to licensing, franchising agreements tends to be longer and the franchisor cracks a broader package of rights and resources which usually includes equipment, managerial systems, operation manual, sign trainings, site approval and all the support necessary for the franchisee to run its business in the same way it is done by the franchisor. In addition to that, while a licensing agreement inv olves things such as intellectual property, trade secrets and others while in franchising it is limited to trademarks and operating know-how of the business. TYPES OF FRANCHISESThere are three available types of franchises.The first type is the partake inership,a form putting greenly found in the automobile industry.Here,the manufacturers use franchises to distribute their product lines.These dealership act as the retail stores for the manufacturer.In some distance,they are required to meet quotas established by the manufacturers,but as is the case for any franchise,they benefit from advertising and management support provided by the franchisor.The most common type of franchise is the type that offers a name,image and method of doing business,such as McDonalds,KFC,Holiday Inn.There are numerous of these types of franchises,and their listings,with pertinent information can be found in various sources. A third type of franchise offers services.These include personnel agencies,incom e tax preparation companies and real estate agencies.These franchises have established names and character and methods of doing business.In some distances,such as real estate,the franchisee has actually been operating a business and then applies to become a member of the franchise. CONTRACT MANUFACTURING rationalise manufacturing refers to a situation where a business will engage the services of an independent party to perform a specified duty for the business. In term of manufacturing, contract manufacturing refers to a situation where a manufacturer will engage the services of an independent party to perform a specified job. There are various reasons for this type of engagement by manufacturers, all of which involve the maximization of profit. The process of contract manufacturing also has some negative considerations that include the adventure of dubiety and lack of control over the process. WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIRIESEntering a foreign market with a wholly owned subsidiary invol ves creating a local firm without the aid of a local partner. There are deuce ways of doing this. The first is through what is called greenfield development. This involves creating a new organization in the foreign country from the ground up. The second method is what is referred to as brownfield development. This involves purchasing an existing company in a foreign country. Brownfield developments can be beneficial because they offer local expertise, but they can be difficult because there may be resistance from those in the companyto new ownership. JOINT VENTUREA market entry option which the exporter and a domestic company in the target country join together to form a new corporal company. Both parties provide equity and resources to the JV and administer in the management, profits and losses. The JV be limited to the life of a particular project. This option is pop in countries where there are restrictions on foreign ownership, eg. China and Vietnam PIGGYBACKINGPiggyback mark eting low cost market entry strategy in which two or more firms represent one anothers complementary (but non-competing) products in their respective market. Or, in other words, it is an arrangement, where two or more companies supporter each other to market their products, where the products have to be complementary and not competing against each other.LEVEL OF INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETSNo direct foreign marketingA company in this stage does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries however this companys products may pass around foreign markets. Sales may be made to trading companies as well as foreign customers who come directly to the firm. Or products may reach foreign markets via domestic wholesalers or distributors who sell abroad without explicit encouragement or even knowledge of the producer. As companies develop web sites on the internet, many receive orders from international Web surfers. Often an unsolicited order from a foreign is what pi ques the interest of a company to seek additional international sales. strange Foreign marketingTemporary surpluses caused by variations in production levels or demand may result in infrequent marketing overseas. The surpluses are characterized by their temporary nature therefore sales to foreign markets are made as goods are available, with little or no intention of maintaining continuous market representation. As domestic demand increases and absorbs surpluses, foreign sales activity is withdrawn. In this stage, little or no change is seen in company organization or product lines. However, few companies today fit thismodel because customers around the world increasingly seek long term commercial relationships. Further, evidence exists that financial returns from initial international expansions are limited. Regular Foreign marketingAt this level, the firm has permanent productive capacity devoted to the production of goods to be marketed in foreign markets. A firm may employ fore ign or domestic overseas intermediaries or it may have its own sales force or sales subsidiaries in important markets. The primary focus of operations and production is to service domestic market needs. However, as overseas demand grows, production is allocated for foreign markets, and products may be adapted to meet the needs of individual foreign markets. Profit expectations from foreign markets move from being seen as a bonus to regular domestic profits to a position in which the company becomes dependent on foreign sales and profits to meet its goals. world(prenominal) marketingInternational marketing is the export, franchising, joint venture or full direct entry of a marketing organization into another country. This can be achieved by exporting a companys product into another location, entry through a joint venture with another firm in the target country, or foreign direct investment into the target country. The development of the marketing mix for that country is then required international marketing. It can be as open as using existing marketing strategies, mix and tools for export on the one side, to a highly complex relationship strategy including localization, local product offerings, pricing, production and distribution with customized promotions, offers, website, social media and leadership. Internationalization and international marketing meets the needs of selected foreign countries where a companys value can be exported and there is inter-firm and firm learning, optimization and efficiency in economies of scale and scope. The firm does not need to export or enter all world markets to be considered an international marketer. Global MarketingGlobal marketing is a firms ability to market to almost all countries on the planet. With extensive reach, the need for a firms product or services isestablished. The global firm retains the capability, reach, knowledge, staff, skills, insights, and expertise to have value to customers worldwide. The firm u nderstands the requirement to service customers locally with global standard solutions or products, and localizes that product as required to maintain an optimal balance of cost, efficiency, customization and localization in a control-customization continuum to best meet local, national and global requirements to position itself against or with competitors, partners, alliances, substitutes and defend against new global and local market entrants per country, region or city. The firm will price its products appropriately worldwide, nationally and locally, and promote, deliver access and information to its customers in the most cost-effective way. The firm also needs to understand, research, mea undisputable and develop loyalty for its instigator and global brand equity (stay on brand) for the long term.b)OULINE ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF EACH STRATEGY.Advantages of direct exporting-Control over selection of foreign markets and choice of foreign representative companies. -Good inf ormation feedback from target market.-Better protection of trademarks, patents, goodwill, and other intangible property. Potentially greater sales than with indirect exporting.Disadvantages of direct exporting Higher start-up cost and higher risks as opposed to indirect exporting great information requirements Longer time-to-market as opposed to indirect exporting.Advantages of the international franchising mode-Low political risk-Low cost-Allows simultaneous expansion into different regions of the world -Well selected partners dumbfound financial investment as well as managerial capabilities to the operation. Advantages of indirect exporting-Its an almost risk-free way to begin.-It demands minimal involvement in the export process.-It allows you to continue to concentrate on your domestic business.-Youhave limited liability for product marketing problems theres always somebody else to manoeuver the finger at -You learn as you go about international marketing.-Depending on the type of intermediary with which you are dealing, you dont have to awe yourself with shipment and other logistics. Disadvantages of indirect exporting-Your profits are lower.-You lose control over your foreign sales.-You very(prenominal) rarely know who your customers are, and thus lose the opportunity to tailor your offerings to their evolving needs. -When you visit, you are a step removed from the actual transaction. You feel out of the loop. -The intermediary might also be offering products similar to yours, including directly competitive products, to the same customers instead of providing exclusive representation. -Your long-term outlook and goals for your export program can change rapidly, and if youve put your product in someone elses hands, its hard to redirect your efforts accordingly. Advantages of licensing-Obtain extra income for technical know-how and services-Reach new markets not accessible by export from existing facilities-Quickly expand without more risk and lar ge capital investment-Pave the way for future investments in the market-Retain established markets closed by trade restrictions-Political risk is minimized as the licensee is usually 100% locally owned-Is highly attractive for companies that are new in international business. Disadvantages of licensing-Lower income than in other entry modes-Loss of control of the licensee manufacture and marketing operations and practices leading to loss of quality-Risk of having the trademark and reputation ruined by an incompetent partner-The foreign partner can also become a competitor by selling its production in places where the parental company is already in. -investment to attract prospects and support and manage franchisees. Advanatges of Frachising-Franchising provide knowledge of the local markets.A franchise provides franchisees with a certain level of independence where they can operate their business.A franchise provides an established product or service which may already enjoy widespre ad brand-name recognition. This gives the franchisee the benefits of a pre-sold customer base which would ordinarily takes years to establish.A franchise increases your chances of business success because you are associating with be products and methods.Franchises may offer consumers the attraction of a certain level of quality and consistency because it is mandated by the franchise agreement. Disadvantages of franchising-Franchisees may turn into future competitors.-Demand of franchisees may be scarce when starting to franchise a company, which can lead to making agreements with the wrong candidates -A wrong franchisee may ruin the companys name and reputation in the market -Dependence on franchisee.-Potential conflicts with franchisee.Advantages of Joint Venture-Accessing additional financial resources Asset sharing is one of the best advantages about joint venture. Since, you are able to use larger funds to facilitate the production and operation of projects and products, you f acilitate growth. In other words, you increase profit margin and increase your revenue potential.-Sharing the stinting risk with co-venturer It pays to have someone sharing the responsibility with you in case you end up in deep troubles. This is also true with joint venture. Since you are sharing assets, the risk of losing a great deal of currency is divided to both parties.-Widening economic scope fast Building reputation is often difficult, not to mention time consuming and expansive. At a joint venture, you are able to widen your economic scope without using up too much money and waiting for a long time. Tapping newer methods, technology, and approach you do not have In order to grow and expand, you need resources in the forms of methods, technology, and approach. For that matter, it would help a fold if you will be able to partner with an entity that presently has the things you dont and the things you need. Joint venture opens up the venue for such need.-Building relation ship with vital contacts divagation from economic territory, another advantage of joint venture is the ability to give you business relationships with vital contacts. This is just like automatically befriending your partners authoritative friend that can give you access to lots of things such as business opportunities and a pass to vital information.Disadvantages of Joint Venture-Shared profit Since you share assets, you also share the profit. The profit of both parties usually depends on the size of the share to the venture or may be defined on the agreement.-Diminished control over some important matters Operational control and decision making are sometimes compromised in joint ventures. Since there is an agreement that divides which one will take over a particular operation, the other may not be satisfied with how the things are worked out with another. This leads us to another disadvantage of a joint venture. -Undesired outcome of the quality of the product or project Sinc e one party may not have control on the supervision of the production or the execution of one part of the system, this can happen. This often leads to disputes and lawsuits. To avoid this, both parties agree on specific details about the whole operation process.-Uncontrolled or unmonitored increase in the operating cost Again, defined control over the operation may lead to this disadvantage. It is important therefore to make sure that all things are clarified on the paper before singing in the joint venture agreement. Advantages of contract manufacturing-Low financial risks contract manufacturing allows companies to save costs by manufacturing a particular item at a cheaper rate than what it would cost them If they decided to undertake the manufacturing process themselves. it allows the company doing the outsourcing to shave some time off the whole process, giving them quicker returns and turnovers. Where a company is less effective than another in manufacturing an item, contract manufacturing will allow it to concentrate on that in which it is the most efficient. Disadvantages of contract manufacturing-Reduced learning potential-Potential public relations problems may need to monitor working conditions. -The company doing the outsourcing faces some degree of risk if it fails to do its research properly. This is because outsourcing the manufacturing to the wrong company could end up costing the company more, rather than less, if the outsourced company fails to deliver as expected. Advantages of wholly owned subsidiariesOn the positive side, a wholly-owned subsidiary that does its business in a location different from the parent companys is able to remain in its locale. With the business world spanning so many countries, this can serve as a great advantage in international situations. Name recognition is another positive reason for maintaining a wholly-owned subsidiary. If a particular brand name is well known and popular, the parent company has no reason to absorb the subsidiary entirely. Wholly-owned stance allows the subsidiary to retain its name brand, thus avoiding hindering its sales. Diversity for the parent company is another perk created by maintaining a wholly-owned subsidiary. This status allows the parent company to branch out into different products and markets, building strength in diversification. Disadvantages of wholly owned subsidiariesa wholly-owned subsidiary are more business oriented. The memory company runs a definite risk in assuming control of another company while allowing its management to continue to operate independently of the parent companys. The level of investment and allocation of funds and resources required is also very high. A parent company must spend a great deal of time and money to smoothly integrate the new subsidiary.All of these factors require commitment and dedication on the part of the holding company and willingness to form that partnership on the part of the subsidiary. Advantages of p iggybackingreduced financial costslimited riskquick, easy access to the market. Generally, the supported company can make immediate profits on the new market. The SME can, thus save time (3-5 years), compared to the normal length of time necessary to establish itself reduced logistical and administrative operations benefit of the brand image that the supporting company brings to its products immediate availability of a sales force structure excellent market knowledge of the supporting company.Disadvantages of piggybackingweak motivation of large companies to become supporters difficulty in finding partners offering a compatible product and distribution network risk of market loss, which can be reduced due to the complementarity of the product, and commercial follow-up between the partners occasional difficult relations because of differences in size or culture risk of lack of common confidence and of lack of involvement risk of conflict of interest (e.g. local agents could sy stematically put the interests of the supporting company before those of the supported company) occasional very rigid requirements and conditions of access to the commercial networks of large companies. These conditions can be qualitative (e.g. product quality) and quantitative (minimum level of annual turnover, high commissions, etc.).Macro Environmental Influences That arouse Affect SAB MillersSABMillers origins date back to the foundation of Castle Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg, in the south Africa. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and the year after (1898) it listed on the London Stock Exchange. From the earlyish 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to Londo n.In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc. It is very important that SAB Miller considers its environment before going into international the market. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of their planning to go international The macro instruction-environment refers to the major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organizations decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the Political (and legal) forces, Economic forces, Sociocultural forces, and Technological forces. These are known as the PEST factors.PEST AnalysisPolitical Factors The political environment revolves around the current government in a particular country in which SAB Miller manufactures or trades, and also laws/legislation operate or within their home market as well as overseas. If their government is socialist then perhaps there is a policy to tax more and to invest in the public sector. On the o ther hand if SAB Millers have a more conservative or Republican government then the free-market is left to take control, taxation is less and there is often a smaller public sector. The political arena has a large influence upon the regulation of the business, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses. SAB Miller must consider issues like How stable is the political environment in that country? Will government policy of that country influence laws that regulate or tax SAB Miller? What is the governments position on marketing ethics?What is the governments policy on the economy?Does the government have a view on culture and religion?Is the government involved in trading agreements such as EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, or others? Economic FactorsThe economic environment is a direct influence on all businesses. Obviously if you are studying marketing there is a huge element of economics within the topic itself, and you should be no stranger to the principles of economics. As we sa w from our lesson on the marketing environment there is a macro environment, and internal environment and the microenvironment. More specifically youll be at looking elements such as where a business is in terms of the current business cycle, and whether or not they are trading in a recession. SAB Millers marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the short and long-terms. This is curiously true when planning for international marketing. You need to look at 1. Interest rates.2. The level of inflation Employment level per capita.3. Long-term prospects for the economy Gross internal Product (GDP) per capita, and so on. Sociocultural FactorsThe Sociocultural environment embodies everything which is social and cultural within a nation or rules of order. There are plenty of examples of society and culture on the marketing teacher website, so we recommend that you go to our lesson store and look through some of the consumer behaviour pages. Some notable examples would include the influence of learning, memory, emotion and perception, motivation, lifestyle and attitude and consumer culture.Have a look at the six living generations in America, social environment and class, the impact of your give birth order on how you behave as a consumer and take a look at the eight types of online shoppers. In a more general experience consider influences such as the increase in life expectation of Western consumers, and demographics which is the study of populations. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. It is very important that such factors are considered. Factors include 1. What is the dominant religion?2. What are attitudes to foreign products and services?3. Does language impact upon the diffusion of products onto markets?4. How much time do consumers have for leisure?5. What are the roles of men and women within society?6. How long are the population living? Are the older generations wealthy?7. Do the population h ave a strong/weak opinion on green issues? Technological FactorsTechnological factors are a multifaceted influencer. Lets just think about the sorts of technology that you come in touch with almost daily. Smart phones such as Android and iphone are now common all garden, and we are used to being able to access information and communication technology instantly no matter where we are. During studies or at work we have access to information on quick PCs and over the Internet, with faster broadband connections arriving in many parts of the world. Technology also surrounds business processes. As we saw from our lesson on the functions within an organisation all subdivisions use information technology or technology in one form or another. Our manufacturing operations will use technology to produce goods and services.Our logistics and warehousing functions use forklifts and Lorries as well as order tracking technology and software. The customer service department will use communication technology to talk to customers but will also have access to internal systems, such as technology to alter credit control and stock control for example. There are many, many more examples of technology. Technology is vital for competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization. assure the following points 1. Does technology allow for products and services to be made more cheaply and to a better standard of quality? 2. Do the technologies offer consumers and businesses more innovative products and services such as Internet banking, new generation mobile telephones, etc? 3. How is distribution changed by new technologies e.g. books via the Internet, flight tickets, auctions, etc? 4. Does technology offer companies a new way to communicate with consumers e.g. banners, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), etc?

Arthur Miller’s “Death of a Salesman” Essay

Throughout Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman tended to nobble virtu everyy every wholeness he came in contact with. He hurt opposites perpetually throughout this play for a variety of different reasons. One of his key tar disturbs was his married woman Linda. From verbal to finical, Willy Loman exclaimd his wife Linda. His son poke was also a prime target of his abuse. His abuse towards his son was subtle at times, and not so subtle others. Biff wasnt the only son to encounter abuse his pal Happy was also a target. Happy was abused not by any action, scarcely by lack of. To further expand on the aforementioned, Happy was ignored by his father causing much detriment. A uncouth occurrence among abusers is that their dupeization seems be focused internally (family) or externally (everyone else) just rarely both. Willy Loman was an anomaly as farthermost the previously philosophy was relate Willy short-changed everyone he came in contact with.From his finically supportive friend, Charley, to the last person youd expect, a child. Though, that isnt to say that Willy was in turn unharmed he was also a dupe. Those who are victimized often feel that they are justified in their diatribe against all others, no matter how untrue. His boss Howard would victimize Willy Loman, stating his lack of importance to business. Which could be perceived as a severe act against ones ego, and this wasnt the most prevalent perpetrator of harassment. The quintessential worst enemy of Willy was his mental illness yet more than specifically his frequent delusional tangents. Throughout Arthur Millers Masterpiece, Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman was both a victim and a victimiser as Ill soon make spare in the text below.The most evident victim of Willy Loman was his dearest wife Linda. There were many angles in which she was abused but none more apparent than verbally. Willy Loman didnt abuse his wife in the conventional use of the word he didnt go on verbal t irade, it was much more passive. For example a scrip analysis from Death of a Salesman featuring an unrestrained minute of arc between Willy Biff and Linda from pages one hundred and twenty-s steady to one hundred and thirty, Willy had twenty-eight lines, Biff had twenty-five lines and Linda a mere four. This clearly trys that whenever Linda was portion ofthe conversation that wasnt one-on-one she was severely neglected. When Willy and Linda would talk one-on-one she couldnt say a thing without being contradicted or having her opinion belitt lead LINDA Willy, dear. utter to them again. Theres no reason why you squirtt work in new-make York. WILLY They dont need me in New York. Im the New England man. Im vital in New England. (Death of a Salesman, page 14)This shows utter denigration just for the sake of flexing his superiority, and ironically enough, he later attempts exactly what his wife suggests. What this shows is that Linda was absolutely right and Willy chose to victimi ze her over admitting that his wife was right. In this scene Willy defames his wife by establishing her inability to do simple processes correct, WILLY Why do you get American when I like Swiss? LINDA I just thought youd like a change- WILLY I dont want a change I want Swiss. Why am I always being contradicted? (Page 17) Maybe this seems harmless but imagine how you would feel youre looking out for some ones best interests and made to feel incompetent in the process. There is no doubt in my mind that this was detrimental to Lindas ego. other way Willy victimized Linda was a way only Biff and he were privy to events in Boston that whitethorn ca-ca cost him a place in heaven. Willy chose to break sanctity of marriage by cheating on his wife with a woman from Boston, but this begs the question is someone a victim if they dont know they were victimized? The second definition on Dictionary.com states that a victim as a person who is deceived or cheated, as by his or her own emotions or ignorance, by the dishonesty of others, or by some impersonal agency. Ostensibly, what makes a victim isnt the harm it is the deceitfulness behind the action. To apply logic if Linda were to find out she would in turn be hurt. With the application of this definition all supposition ends, and Linda clearly can be labeled a victim.The last dynamic to Linda-Willy using is the more subtle finical difficulty caused by Willys incompetence. Willy had a commission based caper and as a result had very unstable salary. In the later years of Willys life he seemed to have lost his knack for selling and as a result his income. This clearly created an uncomfortable vivification environment for the Linda. For one, not having working appliances would make her life fabulously moredifficult and in turn would cause her stress. Secondly, not lettered if they would be able to afford their insurance premiums was also a problem. Not knowing if your world could come to a crashing end at any moment wo uld create an enormous amount of insecurity in Linda. I am utterly aware that this wasnt Willys intend by any means it was a topic of Willys concern as much as it was Lindas. As of such, Im sure youre curious how this could be interpreted as victimisation how could being unable to provide a healthy living environment for your family be victimization? It lies in Willys passivity and ego. Willy had an opportunity to receive a job from his friend and finical confidante Charles, and by refusing it he effectively threw Linda into a poor finical situation.Another character Willy victimized was his own son Biff. Much like Linda, in that respect was a few facets to Willys abuse as Ill soon demonstrate. The first on the docket was the verbal abuse. To keep this from convolution I pbegrudge the following, Biff is a lazy swinger (Page 16) This demonstrates verbal abuse towards Biff that caused a great amount of distress in his son as Biff perceives in rebuttal to like-comments, Why does s oda water mock me all the time? (Page 21) This just brings a pinch of tangibility and support the true power of Willys abusive comments. There was also a less visible approach to Willys abusive nature, and that was in how he spoke to Biff. Im sure youre plausibly encountered similar situations, by chance when meeting the judgmental mother-in-law.To get straight to the point, they state seemingly standard question or comments laced in condescension and attitude. Willy had a perpetual trickle of attitude when he would confront Biff and I use the word confronting because the seemed less like conversations and more like an inter escort. It would be extremely difficult to demonstrate this, so instead I present a quote from his wife Linda who also recognizes his confrontational attitude. LINDA You mustnt recidivate your temper with him. WILLY When the hell did I lose my temper? I simply asked him if we making any money (Page 15) As you can see, Linda has recognized what I did, Willys subtle criticism of his son Biff via seemingly harmless questions.Though Willys verbal assaults were extremely hurtful they didnt even scratch the surface relative his other mode of victimization the belief ofhis sons greatness. Most would consider thinking your son is great to a fantastic attribute for both son and father, but in that respect is a level of moderation that was completely disregarded. Hoping the best for your son and being utterly divorced from reality are two completely different things and alas Willy was the latter. By constantly putting Biff on a pedestal he put him in a very uncomfortable situation. He made Biff feel that if he didnt achieve the level of his expectations he was a failure. This ultimately led to his breakdown and the elimination any doubts of the pain Willy induced. too the previously mentioned moments of abuse, Willy was a less than satisfactory parent. In order for people to become competent adults they require a strong upbringing. The reason Biff didnt have a strong upbringing was because of Willys ego. Willy thought he was had fantastic genes and his son would be fantastic by default. For starters, his father ignored all warning sides that Biff was failing math, even after literal warning from his sons friend Bernard BERNARD I heard Mr. Birnbaum say that if you dont start studyin math hes gonna flunk you WILLY Dont be a pest, Bernard (Page 32) Willys belief in Biffs infallibility led him to completely disregard the warning signs of his failure. Some might think this is Biffs responsibility, but I beg to differ. Willy is his father, and his son was at a authoritative age in life, one where the easiest choice isnt the best. This was a very important time for Willy to take hold and push him to succeed and unfortunately he didnt. By not giving him a proper foundation he put his son in a predicament he could never escape, one that presented years of disappointment frustration and anger.Willys abuse of his son Happy wasnt o f an unconventional nature. He didnt insult Happy, nor did he criticize him. What he did could be interpreted as even worse, he didnt acknowledge his existence. The only time he entered into mind was while Biff was the focal point. It was evident that this constant ignorance deeply bothered Happy. As a child Happy was constantly pretentious trying to grasp any ounce of attention he could get his hands on. This is a sheer sign of someone who was attention strip. He wouldnt have had to constantly draw attention to himself if he was get itanyways, in a manner a good father would provide. In his later life, Happy suffers from numerous characteristic of a person who was an attention deprived child. For one he perpetually lies to making him seem like something worth admiring as demonstrated at the Chop House, Excuse me, miss, do you mind? I sell champagne and Id like you to try my brand. Bring her a champagne, Stanley. (Page 101)In this scene Happy boldly lies to woe a women he has just met he was not a champagne sales person, he in fact worked an unsatisfying job as the assistant to the assistant buyer. Another sign of his victimization as child was evident in the way he treated his father. I speculate as the years past, Happy started to resent his fathers. This is evident by the apathy he demonstrated towards his father at the Chop House LETTA Dont you want to tell your father- HAPPY No, thats not my father. Hes just a guy. Come on (Page 115) There is an expression, the apple doesnt fall from the tree. I think this moment brings this expression to life as Willys choice to ignore his son comes full circle as Happy does the same, leaving him high and dry.Willy didnt rent his victimization to the Loman family members alone, he chose to victimize people outside his family as healthful. He was relentless when it came to his neighbor and good friend Charley. Charley was a great friend of his who would patron him finically at every turn of the way. Even when Willy l ost his job and was indebt Charley put his best foot forward to correct this unfortunate circumstance by crack the obviously useless Willy a job. Willy seemed to overlook this steadfast friendship to criticize Charley for relatively irrelevant reasons WIILY Where are the rest of your pants? CHARLEY My wife bought them. WILLY Now all you need is a golf club (Page 51)This is just one of the numerous examples of Willy ruthlessly criticizing his loyal friend. Insulting someone when they are around could be construed as friendly banter if Willy didnt insult Charley only in person. This is demonstrated when Willy s uses his loyal friend as a model of someone who isnt well-liked. HAPPY Like Uncle Charley, heh? WILLY Bigger than Uncle Charley Because Charley is not-liked. Hes liked, but hes not-well liked. (Page 30) The most troublesome portion of this moment in Death of a Salesman is the level of candor. Willy throws his friend to the dogs as if hes was a piece of meat.The victimization d idnt pertain to Charley alone it also carried over to his son Bernard. Willy view Charleys son Bernard as weak because of his lack of athletic prowess. For this reasons Willy felt it necessary to victimize Bernard as exemplified in the following, You want him to be a worm like Bernard? (Page 40) In this quote Willy refers to his sons friend Bernard as a worm during a conversation with his wife Linda. The most unfortunately founder of this is that Bernard, much like his father has a caring nature, and constantly tries to help the Lomans. Once again, Willy just brushes off any attempted assistances and chooses to do the exact reversal and victimize.Victimization as far as Willy Loman was concerned wasnt a one way street the sword of victimization was double-edged. Howard, Mr.Lomans boss was probably his biggest adversary. He was a very business oriented individual who didnt see faces but instead dollar signs. This is best exhibited when an emotionally tattered Willy invite a desk job in the New York office. I appreciate that, Willy, but there just is no plot of land here for you. If I had a spot Id slam you right in, but I just dont have a single solitary spot. (Page 80) Upon first contemplate this might seem as if Howard is a caring individual whose hands are tied, but that is just a business persona exhibited and taught universally.If that seems like to far of a stretch you only need to inspect Howards actions that later came HOWARD Willy, you cant go to Boston for us. WILLY Why cant I go? HOWARD I dont want you to represent us (Page 83) Willys purpose upon visiting Howard was to request an advance to protect his family arrives only to get the proverbial boot. Howard did mention business is business and we are all aware that the business world is cut throat and if you arent effectively doing youre job you dont deserve to have one but this doesnt excuse the tactfulness of Howards actions. Willys loyalty was completely disregarded, he wasnt given any chanc e or warning and for that reason this by whom Willy was most victimized.Besides Howard, only one character could touch the level of victimization he achieved, and his name was Willy Loman bar-none, his own worst enemy. Oneof the crucial problems with Willy was his need to be better than everyone else. He constantly compared his achievement to his brother Ben as well as his good friend Charley. He viewed anything less than their success as simply not good enough. This in turn caused Willy an enormous amount of anxiety. canvas yourself with your peers isnt necessarily a bad thing, its only bad when your point of comparison is insurmountable and you wont settle for anything less his brother Ben had a mammoth size fortune, and good friend Charley was a wealthy business owner with an, even wealthier Lawyer son. If that wasnt enough, like most parents, Willy began to break his life through his son Biff. Biff being a total failure this resulted in even more suffering for Willy. Willys ho pe began to fall apart and decay until it was unrecognizable, leaving him with only one option left.Willys only option left was suicide. A series of culminating events in Willys eyes, denied him any other option. He was starting to subconsciously recognize his failure as a father and more importantly a man. I couldnt imagine a more cold cut victimization of one self. Many people when in a depressed state commit heinous acts, but there is no more heinous than committing suicide. Suicide is the grand puma as far as self-deprecation goes and Willy was a culprit of it. The mode of his suicide was even more appalling a forced car accident. There are many sure ways to kill yourself hanging, or shooting, jumping off something really high, but it takes a significant amount of self victimization to commit suicide via motor vehicle. This is because the chances of sustaining permanent injury are extremely high versus the chances of death. For this reason, I can concur that all victimization o f Willys were only overcome by the victimization of himself.This play was riff in the victimization and concurrent victims. Linda was victimized in enumerable fashions by her husband Willy. Willys victimization also carried over to his two sons Biff and Happy who where both victimized but in two different fashions one by neglect the other by high expectations. The victimization by Willy Loman didnt cease at the doors of the Loman household, it even was carried over to his loyal friend and neighbor Charley and son Bernard. Willy was in turn victimized by hisboss Howard who made him feel inferior to the company, striking a serious blow to his ego, as well as putting him in a horrible finical situation.This diatribe aside Willy was in fact the biggest abuser of himself. One unanswered question seems to resound through this play, and that is why did Willy feel the need to criticize those around him? Was it his upbringing? I am under the picture it was due to mental illness. Willy seems to have many of the characteristics of one who is depressed persistently sad, anxious, feelings of helplessness, difficulty making decisions, irrational thoughts and at the top of that list, suicide. Willy was without a doubt the biggest victimizer in Death of a Salesman but his victimization of others was only superseded by the victimization of himself.