Taxation

Why Noon is no longer the Ninth Hour

Why Noon is no longer the Ninth Hour Why â€Å"Noon† is no longer the â€Å"Ninth Hour† Why â€Å"Noon† is no longer the â€Å"Ninth Hour† By Maeve Maddox In current usage, the English word noon refers to midday, the time when the sun reaches the meridian. Look into the etymology of the word noon, and you will find that it comes from the Latin word for the number nine. So why does our word for the time when both hands of the clock are on the twelve come from a word for nine? Like the word noon itself, the original time-related meaning goes back to the Romans. They counted the hours of the day from sunrise. The â€Å"ninth hour† (nona hora) was about 3 p.m. our time. Christians adopted Jewish customs of praying at certain hours. When Christian monastic orders were formed, a daily timetable was drawn up centered on hours for prayer. According to the earliest schedules, the monks were required to pray at three-hour intervals: 6-9 p.m., 9 p.m.-midnight, midnight-3 a.m., and 3 a.m.-6 a.m. The prayers to be said at specified times during the day are known as the Divine Office and the times at which they are to be recited are the canonical hours: Vigils: night Matins: dawn Lauds: dawn Prime: 6 a.m. â€Å"first hour† Terce: 9 a.m. â€Å"third hour† Sext: noon â€Å"sixth hour† None: 3 p.m. â€Å"ninth hour† Vespers: sunset Compline: before bed Vigils was also known as the â€Å"Night Office.† Matins and Lauds originally referred to the prayers sung at dawn. In time, the Night Office came to be called Matins. The shift in the meaning of noon from â€Å"3 p.m.† to 12 noon† began in the 12th century when the prayers said at the â€Å"ninth hour† were set back to the â€Å"sixth hour.† By the year 1140, the Old English word non had taken on the meaning of â€Å"midday† or â€Å"midday meal.† Like our words September, October, November, and December, noon is a fossil word that embeds customs of former ages. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesSupervise vs. Monitor

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Research Paper Example Foner reveals that prior to the trial, the defendants enjoyed access to lawyers. Consequently, the defendants had insignificant time for planning defense. 2 He has added that, the defendants appealed against the above ruling on the basis of inadequate legal counsel. Notably, the supreme court of Alabama ruled by a vote of six against one that there was a fair trial. Considerably, it is noteworthy pointing out that Anderson, the chief justice, produced a tough nonconformist opinion that resulted to an appeal to the Supreme Court in the US against the ruling. The Court’s Ruling Hoffmann et al indicates that, during the ruling, the supreme US’s Supreme Court majority opinion overturned and remanded the ruling of the supreme court of Alabama, maintaining that the court had violated the due process. Notably, the Supreme Court’s decision rested on three significant arguments; firstly, the defendants did not receive fair, unbiased and purposeful trial. Secondly, they di d not access the right of counsel, with the familiar consultation incidents and a chance for trial. Lastly, the trial took place before juries chosen racially from unqualified people; hence systematically excluding qualified juries. It is worthwhile noting that the conviction was unlawful since the accused did not access the counsel’s assistance right from their arraignment up to the commencement of their trial. This led to breaching the due process section of the 14th Amendment. Foner indicates `that the section, counsel has to be certain to anybody subject to the likelihood of a death sentence, be it in state or else federal courts.3 Conclusively, our group does not support the court’s ruling because as indicated above, had interfered with state courts; hence, going beyond its jurisdiction. Consequently, our group has agreed with the above discussed dissenting opinions because the trial court had really acted upon the laid down procedures. The only missing point is t he lack of representation for the defendants. However, one should note that a court has its own individual reasons to at times deviate from norms especially if the situation calls for the same. Notably, the US Supreme Court did not conduct situational analysis before delivering its ruling. 4 Consequences/implications of the Ruling Assuming the court it is absolutely devoid of merit, all other claims that the petitioners’ constitutional rights got violated, positions its viewpoint and ruling upon a solitary declaration of reality. Furthermore, the petitioners did not access the right of counsel, with the familiar consultation incidents and preparation opportunity for trial. If this is factual, they were deprived of the due process of law; hence, they were at liberty to have the rulings against them upturned, however, there are no records for such denial. Hoffmann et al argues that nine defendants, together with Patterson, were charged for one condemnation, and he was as well u nconnectedly indicted. As opposed to trying using the en masse, the government provided four trials; hence lessening the risk of error and unfairness that unavoidably attends an effort in a particular trial to determine the culpability or blamelessness of the accused.5 Dissenting opinions If right, the judgment that the malfunction of the trial court to grant petitioners time as

Race in Turn of the Century America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race in Turn of the Century America - Essay Example The problem of racial confusion was quickly becoming a serious issue, in the early twentieth century. This is because of the lack of a unified government, which would establish common grounds with racial equity and rights (King & Ruggles, 1990). After the end of the Civil War, eleven Southern States introduced national policies that further supported â€Å"the problem of color-line†, in relation to immigrants and African Americans, through the First World War. For example, ten southern states introduced laws prohibiting the mixing of races in ferries, railways, and steamboats (King & Ruggles, 1990). For instance, Atlanta, from 1908, introduced racially segregated elevators. Additionally, taxicabs were separated in Florida, Birmingham, Jacksonville, and Mississippi, Alabama. Similarly, it was illegal for Black and white baseball clubs to play, in proximity, in Atlanta (King & Ruggles, 1990). Change in welfare policy, after civil wars also promoted â€Å"the problem of color-li ne†. The Northern changed the social welfare policy to provide government assistances equally and help recipients become self-independence (King & Ruggles, 1990). This made the Southerners to further entrenchment of racism and slavery as a sign of disrespect to the Northerners, who defeated them in the civil wars. The Southern States that encouraged racism include Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, Virginia, Tennessee, and Florida (King & Ruggles, 1990).

Compare and contrast the two different Native American Groups before Term Paper

Compare and contrast the two different Native American Groups before white contact - Term Paper Example He was the first European to land here what later was called as the â€Å"Americas†. Later explorers also called the Native Americans â€Å"Indians† although they stayed nowhere near India. Experts say that around 20 to 50 million people were staying the Americas by 1492. Mayans and Aztecs lived in the area which is presently known as Mexico. In the north, (present Ohio), Hopewell civilization had already flourished before Columbus came. There were farmers, hunters, fishermen, traders, craftsmen all over the continent at that time. (Reynoldson, 2000, p. 4-6) The Native American Groups The Native American groups discussed here are the â€Å"Inuitâ€Å"and the â€Å"Nez Perce† groups. The Inuit Shelter, food and clothes The Inuit lived in the coldest terrain of the earth, i.e. the Arctic Circle. Their houses were made of driftwood or bones of whale. However, the Inuit who lived in the colder areas, built dome like snow houses during the winter months. They built these with huge blocks of snow and then cut out a doorway to enter in it. Around the snow walls, inside, a ledge of snow blocks was built which were covered by caribou furs to sit and sleep over those. All the insulations were done in such a manner that the temperature inside the house could be easily kept as high as 160C, particularly if cooking took place inside the house. A windowpane was made out of stretched intestines of seals to expel the stale air. The Inuit hunted seals almost round the year. During summer they could hunt from boats, when the seals would swim or were on ice. However, in winter, since the ice was easy to walk upon, hunting was easy. Seal hunting required sufficient skill and patience for hours. They used harpoon to kill the seals. Clothes were tailored by women to suit the harsh climate. (Reynoldson, 2000, p.12- 15) Social life By November, the water froze to ice in the Arctic, and it was a good time to travel with sledge pulled by dogs. Winter was the time to socialize. Inuits travelled to visit family and friends to spend time with them, sing and dance. Also, men who had hunted well and stored enough food for his family would take this time out for enjoyment. Those who didn’t have a fair hunting season would take their family to visit relatives to be fed. The sledges could be used till May. In autumn and spring they were used to hunt. Sledges were made out of various kind of materials as and when available like wood, bone or antler and even iron and mud. Twelve dogs could pull a sledge of half a ton weight through thirty two kilometers in about an hour. The dogs were very loyal and obedient to their masters. The owners kept their dogs around their homes throughout the year. They would also make skin boots for the dogs to prevent the entry of the salty water into their toes which if happened would be very painful once the water refroze. (Reynoldson, 2000, p.18-19) Marital life Men and women had their specific works to do. Women made clothes, processed the skin and flesh of animals hunted, cooked food, raise children and also took to fishing. Men were the food providers, hunters, made the tools and built houses. There was no marriage ceremony in their community. Any partner could come out of the relation anytime. However, if they had children they would try to be together. Spouse exchange was practiced among the Inuit.

The Mis Education Of The Negro Religion Essay

The Mis Education Of The Negro Religion Essay As negroes, we are taught by going to school certain things to look and read at. In art, we are told that European and Greek art are the greatest things to look at pertaining to the arts. In music, we look at classical from great white composers instead of African American ones. We would pick up literature against the African American instead of one thats for the African American. Well Im sad to inform you but this is true. Mr. Woodson saw this when he wrote his book and still today, it is still in effect. We choose to stay mis-educated due to the fact that we as a people do not choose to excel in embracing our minds. At Texas Southern University, we can say that we have a class in African American studies taught by an African American who has been around, traveled, and knows what he or she has been taught through experience. How would you feel that in other universities around the country have that same course but yet taught by a different race? I am not a racist but its time for our race to be not informed but become informed of our past, present, and future. Its funny though. Did you know that most of our political day to day people we see and hear on the news are the most mis-educated people? For instance, Tyler Perry would dress as the most famous cross dressed woman everyone would know, Madea. Is it so that the fact that during the slavery times, the Mamie, was the symbol for keeping the family together? It does but it has a darker meaning. I just had a recent conversation with my sociology teacher but he recently told me that white men love black woman. I knew that already but some white men didnt like the fact white men and black woman were all together. The Mamie was also formed as an unattractive black woman with a big butt and big lips thats always loud. Its tragic the way that other cultures view our women but this Is what is perceived. There are others that does this but this is the most commonly known person to do this but chooses to stay out the publics eye. The one issue with being seen and being mis-educated is the fact that you are educated and youre not doing anything about it. To the publics eye, if you are not in your community involved or have special programs, you are considered a bad role model. In this case you would want your people to succeed and in special made programs. But if your do get the programs right, there is a chance that there will not be any individuality within that person because you would want that person to conform unto society ways. Im not saying the phrase selling out, but your conforming unto your white counterparts takes away what that you have started with that of what you started to think. Its difficult but we need to encourage our black counterparts to be all what we can be. We missed an important mark growing up as being mis-educated. After the Civil war, it was upon the society to show us where our education was supposed to lead us. Systems had to be in place for our education to the white man, it was not viewed as their responsibility. During this time, W.E.B. Dubois had an argument that was saying with this education that we have, we should use it to show philanthropy. We should take the opportunity to learn how be political and be educated like how he was himself. With being so educated as like he was, there should not really be no labor of what he was arguing. Booker T. Washing had a different point of view. Booker T. Washington believed you should go to school and learn trades for a special talent. He doesnt believe in getting all political, he believes in getting an education but yet work hard to achieve the things you want by learning a specific talent. By Mr. Washington being a previous slave, you can see how he stand on this view. Carter G. Woodson stood between both points of views. He believed that because you are just coming from slavery, and the fact you would want to be educated, you should possess both traits. Its obvious that in the new society you would not be accepted because of fear and anger from your white counterparts. Have the knowledge how to work in a special talent to make money and a living and go out and become educated with politics. How can we as a people drift away from our truth? There is one simple way of answering that question, distortion. I was taught in my Fine Arts and Daily Living Class that you should never touch art due to its richness in color and texture. If you do touch it, you ruin hard work that was placed there by the painter. Well in life, if you want to ruin our distort life, then take its history and change it. Should it be a grave unjust that the Negro was reminded of how their inferiority was that they are the true germ carriers? The emergence of syphilis and tuberculosis among African Americans are always emphasized among most diseases. Today, our most commonly known disease in the African American community is HIV. The weird thing is that there is very emphasis on the fact that we are immune to diseases like yellow fever, and influenza which are horrible to whites. History is a delicate subject for most people that study in it. Where does the African American have a place in history? When we think of Africa, we think of the Dark continent with despair instead of the rich culture or minerals such as diamonds and gold. We dont think about the great pyramids of Egypt that is one of the 7 wonders of the world. We would rather think about the exploitations of Caucasians. Apparently at this time, the negro had no place in this curriculum. With teaching of fine arts, instructors usually start with Greece of how the world was influenced with their way. Its kind of ironic that most of all art work from the world came from the Africans. We failed to teach about the Mediterranean melting pot with the Africans bring their, wares, ideas, and blood to influence the history. Their art has influence the history of Greece, Carthage, and Rome. Maybe we choose to ignore the truth of these theories but either way, it happened. In educating the Negro what would happen to the white? For education, what was being thought of about those of outside control for our education. We were to give certain white people glory for the way they came down and gave us education. It is so that they helped established schools, and churches, in which we should be building more wisely then we do. We should believe in the theory that the only way to elevate people is to help them to help themselves. Although there were presidents over universities that were white, the Negro were still in a slave position. A president over one of the schools never entertains an African American in his me. Usually move guest to the dining room. Sometimes the guest would be moved into a guest cottage where they would have to only enter as servants. By no protest from the negroes, this showed cowards, and forever we will be cowards if we dont open up our mouths. It is ok for a white man to be qualified to have a position at a negro school teaching. Commend them. Some positions a white man is better trained to such subject, why object. But if an African American was in his own society under his kind, he can easily develop his own leadership in how not to be a coward and start to show his own individuality. Mentally, we will always be here if we tear each other down to depression. Instead of separation the system of education, we need to understand the sympathy of it. We should take in mind that that process of education is help lead together as one so the world can move better. For the person that truly understands that can truly call themselves an educator. Real education means to live life more easier, and inspire people to live more righteous. The concept of the word friend is a dangerous word for African Americans. When we tend to get in high position in life, we tend to keep underprivileged friends by our side. You can never tell when they will embarrass you in front of other. Just keep in mind that within education, as you move up, there are those that are jealous. The thought of having this education movement is to provide the southern Negroes a chance of education. Something especially to look at was medical school, even which, many would not admit Negroes because of the friction of race. We needed more institutions in the south just like Howard University for southerners because they were starting to become rushed. The shameful status of higher learning is due to the low standards of institutions toward the diploma. To get a job or hold one, you have to be competitive. As long as you dont have the drive to go for more, then you will not receive anymore. The assumption that any school wants you is over now. There should not be any argument against earning higher degrees. Let these degrees be a honor to the training with scholastic distinction. The degree isnt just a piece of paper to make money, its and opportunity of greatness to receive a new life of learning. The worst thing possible with getting an degree is having no idea how to make a living with it. We have always know something about agriculture, and in a land that is abundant, thats how we made a living. The role of business and education was supposed to be an uplift to the race but it still turned out less significant. Instead of going to college with just wanting to know how to work with machines, you should go and learn how to create a machine. Go for majors that will push you into a life that will make you successful. We more people, majoring in math and physics. Those two subjects alone, you will always have a job. As we move with our lives, we should invest money in some enterprises of our own to become successful. It has been discovered that people that never invest in Negro ownerships, always tries to exploit the business and try to find a fault to satisfy themselves. As miseducated Negroes, we would agree to it without actually doing our own research. Shockingly, proportion to the amount of capital invested Negro businesses manifest about as much as a white own business. If a black owner doesnt get his own kind to support will develop depression that he failed his kind, which would cause him to give up. The highly educated negroes believes that since the present day system of capitalism, we have no chance to climb up the economic sphere. There can be no objection to the radical change in time. As for trying to be educated, you cant fault a man for trying to become successful. Professors in this field are not prepared to do the work, and the heads of our institutions should be addressing themselves to study of a situation which threatens the negro with the economy. Our schools that are for trained, dont give us this point of view. We may occasionally learn the parts of stenography and accounting, but we dont know how to apply what we have studied. Our training gives us false conception of life, when we believe that the business world owes us a position of leadership. We have the idea of business training that we used to have of teaching that we could teach anything and study anything. Those that graduate from our business schools, lack the courage to go for working with commission. The majority wants us wants to receive a paycheck at the end of every month. We dont realize that in this day, its good to get paid for the work we have put in. People that do not realize life as what it is, is a horrible representation of business. From the point of view of industry and commerce, then, we show no mental power to understand the situation we find. We apparently read our race from the sphere of education and business. Foreigners see the opportunities to take our businesses and opportunities in which we are scared to take. The main problem is we do not have any people skills in salesmanship. It is sad that we do not understand or not willing to start our own enterprises which could turn into a large corporation one day. If we do not know how to take a chance, we would never know how to take control of the life that is around us. Training is necessary, for the large number of blacks running corporations have not learned business methods and do not understand the possibilities of the field in which they operate. Negro businesses are handicapped, which so, have not developed their own stability and the capacity for its growth. We do not take time to read the business literature and study how the market is doing. We stay in the dark because we do not take the time to get properly trained. Usually when the founder of the business passes away then the actual business dies with him or goes within pieces. All failures are not due to the black business. Often, the owner lacks common sense. If you have a business, stay within your business instead of worrying about others. Keep the managements going within itself. Only with this, we will then become true entrepreneurs. One of the main failures of education is of religion that is being taught. Of its illustration, it paints a picture. Most blacks still belong to these churches but the more educated seem to find their way to evangelical groups. These churches do not measure up to the standard set by school preachers. The church is the great asset of the race. It is connected as part of capital that our race must invest in. The church has taken the lead of education in the school for the race. In neglecting it, they are throwing away what they have, to obtain something which they do need. With many respects, the black churches during different generation become corrupt. Some people say we have not lost our interest in religion, that we have gone into churches with a more open minded view. And then we have a sort of contagious fever which takes away from the churches of their youth others of less formal education. A change of faith is all right in a sense, for those that are closed minded, they would create an argument. Religion is nothing but religion, if they hold up to the faith that they claim. The point here is that the ritualistic churches into which blacks have gone do not touch the masses, and they show no future with racial development. From respect to developing the masses, the black has lost its foundation in recent years. The attitudes of leaders were different then as they are today. Too many blacks go to school to study for test so they can just pass. This attitude is retarded and grows people towards selfishness. Some conditions show that undeveloped black has been left from those that supposed to help him. When a white man sees persons of his own race falling downward to disgrace, he does whatever he can to pick him back up in life. It is sad that that the only institution blacks own is the church. The education of the business, we lack capital, credit, and experience for us to receive wealth to get into a higher culture. Sometimes you will find as many as two store-front churches in a block where Negroes incorporate in heathen-like practices. Although born and brought in the south, Mr. Woodson has never saw such idolatrous tendencies ever. Another area said that we must have new way of doing things and we can call ourselves Methodist. Methodist and Baptists split up on the account of holding slaves. We as blacks chose to imitate them. All of the black Methodists in the world, if unite, would not need more than 12 bishops, and these would have time to direct the affairs of both Methodists and Baptists in a united church. The theology of foreigners too is important on unenlightened people. Whit bringing the joy of conquest to their own camp, they have confused the world with disputes which have divided the church and stimulated division and subdivision to the extent that it no longer functions as a Christian agency for the uplift of all men. While serving as the avenue of the oppressors propaganda, the black church has prevented the union of diversity and has kept the race too weak to overcome purposely taught Negroes. This is important to the control of the inferior race. Someone just sits back and plots while the other one acts. We must hold blacks responsible for following these ignorant to this nonsense with which they have confused thoughtless people. As what has been said before, we tend to do what we are told instead of asking for the meaning for our actions. Our leaders know better but because of their miseducation, many will always tend to be miseducated. In chapter 7, Dr. Woodson continues his discussion of the church. He mentions how in the past African Americans have been mis-educated based on training. Dr. Woodson references how the highly educated Negro has become so intellectual in his understanding of religion. We should not just allow ourselves to just not ask questions referring what study but question it. He also discusses the concept of rituals and how this does not help in racial development. Dr. Woodson also cautions African Americans that they must always remember that the African Americans learned their religion from the early White Methodist and Baptist who evangelized the slaves and the poor Whites. So the questions become, is the Black Church a pattern of the White mans church? Have Black churches become the dumping ground for uneducated people carrying the Bible? If we are still mis educated, then we are an imitation of the white church that was for slavery. We were segregated when we were taught or told what or how we were supposed to live under the bible. According to Dr. Woodsons findings, African Americans had been discouraged in the pursuit of the professions other than the ministry and teaching. Dr. Woodson noted several reasons why African Americans lacked degrees in fields such as medicine, law, architecture, etc. Some Black parents had failed to encourage their children to pursue professional degrees. Some Black professional schools had closed because of the small number of students enrolled. Woodson further asserted that these closings came at a very difficult time. Under the separate but equal doctrine established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), law schools were desperately needed to train lawyers to protect African Americans civil and political rights. Woodson also suggested that too many highly educated individual Woodson asserts the lack of political education among African Americans in the 1930s. This was due to actions taken by Whites. For years, textbooks produced specifically for Black students did not include the U.S. Constitution. One state legislature prohibited the inclusion of the Constitution in history textbooks citing the fear that Black students would read it and attempt to demand or even assert their rights. Black education had to have as its foundation, the assurance that Blacks would not compete with Whites. It was well understood that if by the teaching of history the White man could be further assured of his superiority and the Negro could be made to feel that he had always been a failure, and that the subjugation of his will to some other race is necessary the freedman, then, would still be a slave. As long as Southern apologists controlled what was in history textbooks, they could teach that slavery was a benevolent institution and that radical abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown caused the unnecessary Civil War. Without knowledge of the changes in the U.S. Constitution, the civil rights established by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments could be ignored and denied to Black citizens. Woodsons overall message in this chapter is captured in the quote: If you can control a mans thinking you do not have to worry about his action. When you determine what a man shall think you do not have to concern yourself about what he will do. If you make a man feel that he is inferior, you do not have to compel him to accept an inferior status, for he will seek it himself. If you make a man think that he is justly an outcast, you do not have to order him to the back door. He will go without being told and if there is no back door, his very nature will demand one.uals had perpetuated the belief that Black professionals were not capable of meeting the demands of their professions. This belief among some highly educated Blacks and Whites often discouraged Black students from pursuing professional degrees In chapter ten, Dr. Woodson emphasizes that there was a loss of vision. This loss of vision was due to African Americans not thinking for themselves. Dr. Woodson provides an example of this when he discusses some highly educated individuals. Denied participation in the higher things of life, the educated Negro himself joins, too, with ill designing persons to handicap his people by systematized exploitation. Dr. Woodson also discusses this loss of vision in terms of the lack of confidence. Dr. Woodson declared that the lack of confidence of the Negro in himself and in his possibilities is what has kept him down. Dr. Woodson emphasizes that until the Negro employs new ways of thinking, there will be no change in his condition, and he will always remain oppressed. In this chapter, Dr. Carter G. Woodson discusses why there is a greater need for service rather than leadership in Black Communities. He mentions how the African American community has had problems with its leadership in the past. Negroes often find themselves giving money and moral support to various persons and institutions that influence the race in the wrong wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The race needs workers not leaders-workers will solve the problems which race leaders talk about and raise money to enable them to talk more and more In this chapter, Dr. Woodson discusses the concept of hirelings as opposed to public servants. A hireling is a person who is paid to serve. Dr. Woodson defines the real servant of the people as one who lives among them, thinks with them, feels for them, and perhaps dies for them. Dr. Woodson emphasizes the value of learning about Black history. He discusses how this history has not been taught, but European history has been promoted. When Woodson asked Black college administrators, they responded, We do not offer here any course in Negro history, Negro literature, or race relations, recently said a professor of a Negro college. We study the Negro along with other people.' However, Woodson believed, No one can be thoroughly educated until he learns as much about the Negro as he knows about other people. Unfortunately, Woodson reported that, Upon examining the recent catalogues of the leading Negro colleges, one finds that invariably they give courses in ancient, medieval, and modern Europe, but they do not give such courses in ancient, medieval, and modern Africa. As you explore this chapter, reflect on the impact that having an accurate understanding of African American history will have on current and future generations of all Americans. In chapter 14, Dr. Woodson describes a new program for the education of the Black American. The substance of Woodsons New Program centers around the study of Black life during the antebellum period. Ignorance of the antebellum era and the valuable cultural practices Africans brought with them from Africa must be addressed. These assumptions prevent current Black students from being equipped to handle the social problems of today. Woodson compares the aims of the New Program with the successful education of the Filipinos. The first highly educated Americans into the conquered Philippine Islands after the Spanish American War in 1898 tried to teach the Filipinos the same way and with the same material used to teach American children. This strategy met with failure. An insurance man, who had never been an educator, came up with a plan that worked. He realized that to teach the Filipinos, it was necessary to make the learning relevant to their daily lives. These children needed to be taught through the use of objects from their own culture. Using this strategy, Woodson suggests that the education of the Black American would emphasize Black American culture. The accomplishments of American heroes should not be ignored; but the accomplishments of Black Americans have to be given equal time, honor and respect. According to Dr. Woodson, schools were not preparing Black students to make a living. He argued that the schools that African American students attended had outmoded equipment that needed to be replaced by more advanced technology. He believed there should be a shift in the type of instruction that African Americans were given, and also in the educational approaches of those providing the instruction. Dr. Woodson further asserted that Black Americans needed to change the way they thought about and spent their money. He was particularly concerned with those African Americans who practiced conspicuous consumption, excessive and unnecessary purchases that give the impression that one has more money than one actually does. Woodson wrote, conspicuous consumption is a result of successful enterprise, not the road to enterprise. They [Blacks] should concentrate on the wise use of their money, and the evil that results from the misuse of it. What would be examples of conspicuous consumption in the present-day Black community? Above all, Woodson uses this chapter to argue that African Americans should adopt wise, informed, and astute business practices. These practices, he offers, will help African Americans achieve a strong and healthy economic future. Dr. Woodson believed that Black students need to go into professional arenas to serve members of the race. Black lawyers are needed to address certain aspects of law, which affect African Americans more than others. Black lawyers need to know more about the people that they serve to meet the special needs of these people. According to Woodson, in the past too many cases before the Supreme Court had been lost because the lawyers lacked the knowledge to present their cases properly to the court. Woodson suggested that law schools needed to expand course work in Constitutional law to prepare lawyers to protect the rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Because of the lack of desire on the part of some White physicians for physical contact with Black patients, Black doctors had a better chance of working among their people than the Black lawyers. However, all too often Negro doctors had entered the profession to increase their income and spend it on joyous living. Instead of spending money without thought or care, Woodson argued that these doctors needed to focus on research and dedication to the Black community. Woodson also felt that Black students should not limit their professional aspirations to medicine and law. Woodson also wanted African Americans to pursue careers in the arts. He wrote that African Americans had demonstrated an aptitude for the arts. However, because African Americans contributions were not always recognized in the United States, Woodson felt that the Black artist should seek appreciation for his or her craft in Europe or other places. In Europe, the Negro artist is not seen as an imitator, Woodson wrote. There is a desire among Europeans to view the art of the African not from the vantage point of the oppressor, but from the Negro himself. In chapter 17, Woodson placed a great deal of emphasis on politics. Woodson maintained that in politics, African Americans should not only be concerned with issues that concerned them exclusively, but they should address problems facing others as well. Woodson also argues that in politics, African Americans should not join or vote for a political party to reward the dead for some favors done in the distant past. This is clearly a reference to the practice of Black voters in the past supporting the Republican party because of Abraham Lincoln. Beyond politics, Woodson called for Black Americans to fully participate in the American economy. In addressing economic issues, Woodson argued that African Americans could make improvements in their social lives and contribute to the advancement of the entire society. Woodson suggested that African Americans ought to be radical in approaching economic and social change. This radicalism should come from within, or based on their experiences as formerly enslaved and impoverished workers in the American economy. Dr. Woodson emphasizes again the importance of studying and knowing African American History. He explains how many Blacks hate their history, but are taught torespect others history.

The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

'Lord of the Flies Creative Essay';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many lessons of human nature to be learned from the novel Lord of the Flies; the book explores many aspects of human nature and society as a whole. We know this is evident because the book stirs a variety of human emotions for the reader. The implications of Lord of the Flies go far beyond these few small children being abandoned on a dessert island, it discovers the defects of the mind and our human nature in order to explain our actions in society. Human fear stems from the unknown, which leads to terror and often irrational behavior; just as the children on the island experienced fear, the island became an evil place as if 'a beast ' had been unleashed. We later learn that the fear of the unknown causes humans to release their own devils from within. In effect, their world isn't so different from the one we live in now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I find it ironic that the very person who interrupted the children's sick man-hunt of Ralph, will take the children to his ship, which will then hunt the enemy in the very same fashion. Society is no better than the children who are stuck on the island and showing their violent attributes. However, these children were saved, only to be exposed to the exact same situation on a greater level. The entire time the boys were stuck on that terrifying island they were wishing for an adult to come and release them from it. Who then will rescue this individual and save him from the terrors of the world?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is also a political system on the island just as there is in our society. Ralph is the children's elected representative. He appoints hunters (or an army in our case) and a leader to this group on the island. He also appoints people to look after the fire, people to get water, to get food and make shelters (political heads). They also have an age of importance on the island, they can distinguish a minor from their form of an adult just like us. In this way the island is run in an orderly fashion. However, as in most political systems there are people who will oppose the decisions made by their representative. Jack is this leader of anarchy on the island. He drives this toward Ralph like people in society would protest or go on strike.

Mo-tzu’s Argument Against Music Essay

Mo-tzu (also called Mozi, Moz, or Micius in Latin) was a renowned philosopher in China back in about 390-470 B. C. during the time of the Hundred Schools Thought (Wikipedia, 2007). Having founded Mohism, he argued about the inadequacy of Confucianism and Daoism on the need for a mortal being to self-reflect and meditate upon oneself. He also insisted that, instead of rituals and singings, what human beings need are acts of authenticity that does not include the use of drums, zithers, and pipes. He, therefore, stressed out: â€Å"To have music is wrong† (Par. 1, Book VIII, Chapter XXXII). Main Body We all agreed that Mo-tzu presented a very well thought of argument against music. This can be seen when he stated, Although the body knows they are comfortable, the mouth knows they are gratifying, the eyes know they are delightful, and the ears know they are pleasing, yet they are found not to be in accordance with the deeds of the sage-kings of antiquity and not to contribute to the benefits of the people at present. (Par. 1, Book VIII, Chapter XXXII) In saying this, he implied that music did not have anything to do with the greatness and success of the sage-kings†¦ that it did not fulfill the basic needs, unlike the boats and the carts that were built from the same contribution of the ancient citizens. It slowed production by wasting labor on things that are of no use. He stated, The levy of heavy taxes on the people to construct the big bell, the sounding drum, the ch’in and the she, and the yY and the sheng, is not at all helpful in the endeavor to procure the benefits of the world and destroy its calamities. Therefore Mo-tzu said: To have music is wrong. (Par. 3, Book VIII, Chapter XXXII) Mo-tzu is absolutely correct. Yet in spite of this, if people accept that music is not useful in acquiring the needs of this world, such as food, clothing, and rest (Par. 3, Book VIII, Chapter XXXII), then they must also understand that, just like music, philosophy is just as useless in acquiring the needs of this world, such as food, clothing, and rest (Par. 3, Book VIII, Chapter XXXII). In fact, as compared to music, philosophy presents greater cause for men to think deeply, and run into sickness and chaos (with oneself or with the society) that, in turn, makes them more prone to hunger, to state of undress, and to unrest. What philosophy has failed to give men, music could give with just a stroke or a beat of the instruments. True, musical instruments cannot be directly eaten and cannot cloth the naked, yet the instruments were also considered treasures in the long ago, which means that the owners could sell it for a chance to buy food or clothing in exchange of the musical instruments. When it comes to giving rest, however, music has the capability to give rest to those who are bothered psychologically or biologically. Philosophy, on the other hand, cannot be exchanged for food, clothing, or rest, since it all runs in the mind of the wise men. Thinking about the statements of the wise will just make men hungrier, poorer with less clothing, and more troubled. I, therefore, stress out—to have philosophy is totally wrong! Conclusion Mo-tzu failed to acknowledge that music is an art that sprouts from the very being of the individual. It is like painting, sculpture, literature, or the use of colors. It is an expression of what human beings feel, think of, believe in, or acknowledge. It comes from the mind. With this, it is very obvious that to say that music is totally wrong would also mean that philosophy is totally wrong, since the latter is also an expression of what human beings feel, think of, believe in, or acknowledge. Music comes from the mind just as philosophy comes from the mind. The only difference is that philosophy centers on chosen beings—those who are more gifted and wise—than when compared to music, which is so ordinary and can be expressed by anyone who dreams of expressing himself. Yet they both come from the mind. Even if both have their own sides of gains, both are totally incapable of destroying calamities.

Learn the History of the Swastika

Learn the History of the Swastika The swastika is an extremely powerful symbol. The Nazis used it to murder millions of people during the Holocaust, but for centuries it had positive meanings. What is the history of the swastika? Does it now represent good or evil? The Oldest Known Symbol The swastika is an ancient symbol that has been used for over 3,000 years. (That even predates the ancient Egyptian symbol, the Ankh!) Artifacts such as pottery and coins from ancient Troy show that the swastika was a commonly used symbol as far back as 1000 BCE. Nigel Hicks / Getty Images During the following thousand years, the image of the swastika was used by many cultures around the world, including in China, Japan, India, and southern Europe. By the Middle Ages, the swastika was a well known, if not commonly used, symbol, but was called by many different names: China - wanEngland - fylfotGermany - HakenkreuzGreece - tetraskelion and gammadionIndia - swastika Though it is not known for exactly how long, Native Americans also have long used the symbol of the swastika. The Original Meaning The word swastika comes from the Sanskrit svastika: su meaning good, asti meaning to be, and ka as a suffix. Until the Nazis used this symbol, the swastika was used by many cultures throughout the past 3,000 years to represent life, sun, power, strength, and good luck. Even in the early twentieth century, the swastika was still a symbol with positive connotations. For instance, the swastika was a common decoration that often adorned cigarette cases, postcards, coins, and buildings. During World War I, the swastika could even be found on the shoulder patches of the American 45th Division and on the Finnish air force until after World War II. A Change in Meaning In the 1800s, countries around Germany were growing much larger, forming empires; yet Germany was not a unified country until 1871. To counter the feeling of vulnerability and the stigma of youth, German nationalists in the mid-nineteenth century began to use the swastika, because it had ancient Aryan/Indian origins, to represent a long Germanic/Aryan history. By the end of the nineteenth century, the swastika could be found on nationalist German volkisch periodicals and was the official emblem of the German Gymnasts League. In the beginning of the twentieth century, the swastika was a common symbol of German nationalism and could be found in a multitude of places such as the emblem for the Wandervogel, a German youth movement; on Joerg Lanz von Liebenfels antisemitic periodical Ostara; on various Freikorps units; and as an emblem of the Thule Society. Hitler and the Nazis Heinrich Hoffmann / Getty Images In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag. For Hitler, the new flag had to be a symbol of our own struggle as well as highly effective as a poster. (Mein Kampf, pg. 495) On August 7, 1920, at the Salzburg Congress, the red flag with a white circle and black swastika became the official emblem of the Nazi Party. Hulton Archive / Getty Images In Mein Kampf, Hitler described the Nazis new flag: In red we see the social idea of the movement, in white the nationalistic idea, in the swastika the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work, which as such always has been and always will be anti-Semitic. (pg. 496-497) Because of the Nazis flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, antisemitism, violence, death, and murder. What Does the Swastika Mean Now? There is a great debate as to what the swastika means now. For 3,000 years, the swastika meant life and good luck. But because of the Nazis, it has also taken on a meaning of death and hate. These conflicting meanings are causing problems in todays society. For Buddhists and Hindus, the swastika is a very religious symbol that is commonly used. Chirag Badlani shares a story about one time when he went to make some photocopies of some Hindu Gods for his temple. While standing in line to pay for the photocopies, some people behind him in line noticed that one of the pictures had a swastika. They called him a Nazi. Unfortunately, the Nazis were so effective at their use of the swastika emblem, that many do not even know any other meaning for the swastika. Can there be two completely opposite meanings for one symbol? Does the Direction of the Swastika Matter? In ancient times, the direction of the swastika was interchangeable, as can be seen on an ancient Chinese silk drawing. Glenn Waters in Japan / Getty Images Some cultures in the past had differentiated between the clockwise swastika and the counter-clockwise sauvastika. In these cultures, the swastika symbolized health and life while the sauvastika took on a mystical meaning of bad-luck or misfortune. Italian summer camp forming group backwards swastika. Â  De Agostini / Foto Studio Leoni / Getty Images But since the Nazis use of the swastika, some people are trying to differentiate the two meanings of the swastika by varying its direction- trying to make the clockwise, Nazi version of the swastika mean hate and death, while the counter-clockwise version would hold the ancient meaning of the symbol, life, and good luck.

External Structure of Poetry Essays

External Structure of Poetry Essays External Structure of Poetry Paper External Structure of Poetry Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Rhyme the sameness of sound between words or syllables Feminine Rhyme sameness of sound of unaccented syllables Masculine Rhyme sameness of sound of accented syllables End Rhyme sameness of sound at the end of the poems line Rhyming Couplet sameness of the last words of the last two lines of a poem Rhyme Scheme to mark a poems rhyme pattern using a lettering system Aliteration the preposition of sound consonants at the beginning of a word Onomatopoeia use of words whose sounds suggest their meaning Assonance the repetition of similar vowel sounds Stanza group of lines Quatrain stanza of 4 lines Refrain word, phrase or line repeated regularly Blank Verse poetry that has rhythm but no set rhyme Line arrangement playing with the arrangement of lines of a poem to create a visual effect Free verse no rhythm or rhyme Scansion to mark a poem into its rhythm pattern Rhythm alteration of sound Foot a measured pattern of sound U Short unstressed syllable I Long stressed syllable iambic UI trochaic IU Pyrrhic UU Spondaic II Anapestic UUI Dactylic IUU Meter one measured foot of rhythm (line) Monometer one meter per line Dimeter two meters per line Trimeter three meters per line Tetrameter four meters per line Pentameter five meters per line UI UI iambic dimeter IUU IUU IUU IUU dactylic tetrameter Masculine Endings Uses a ^ to complete the meter

Chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Chapter 7 - Essay Example Team work emphasis Ordinarily, the claim of hatred of people in different functions by Richard Palemo of Xerox is true and binding. The variation in attitude of hatred could be as a result of many reasons. The members do not show respect with one another. When an organization lacks respect among the employees there would be hatred and no unity will be in the organization. The problem of superiority complex and lack of appreciation in the organization has also been the source of hatred. Most of the employees cannot stand to work in the place where there is no appreciation and promotion. Hatred towards the senior develops when the demand for the workers are not met. In addition lack of common purpose could also be a source of hatred. To solve these problems in the departments, I will institute a proper mechanism that will make the employees to have same vision and purpose.Ordinarily, same purpose will promote collaboration and this reduces hatred. There is also need for motivation and appreciation among the employees. Hatred will reduce when employees are promoted or given incentives when they perform. Above all, there is also the need for proper communication among the

Detailed specification and costs of a mobile computing device and a Essay

Detailed specification and costs of a mobile computing device and a desktop machine - Essay Example Computers do many different things by using the same hardware (all the solid stuff in and on the case) but using different software, programs which tell the computer what to do and how to do it. Computers come in three basic types: desktop, laptop and palmtop. The desktop which usually consists of a box, a screen, a mouse and a keyboard can usually do more than the others. The laptop, sometimes called a notebook or subnotebook PC. These machines are all-in-one packages with the computer, keyboard, mouse and display screen all together. They are generally not as powerful as a desktop and the desktop costs less for the same features, because the portability is expensive. Palmtops are really small subnotebooks, not much bigger than your hand. However, to qualify as a palmtop computer it has to have all the same attributes as the others: it must run different programs which you can buy and install, it must have an input device, a processing unit and the ability to output to a device. A PDA is a Personal Digital Assistant. It has many of the functions of the computers, but very limited capacity and power, partly due to its small size. The high end PDAs include word processing, email, calculating, databases and Internet access. Some come with simplified accounting software as many users need them to make entries into expense accounts. Mapping and GPS is a very popular function on these devices, and a few, called smart phones, have a cell phone, possibly a camera and Bluetooth and edge wireless technology built in. Most newly manufactured PDAs will accept external memory cards to expand their capacity. Most PDAs will connect to your computer in order to synchronize information, such as contact lists, to-do lists, and calendars. They can also move music, photo and video files back and forth between the machines. (Gookin, Dan, 31-44) So let’s look at the components of these devices and exactly what they do. Once thing they all share is